Comprehensive Final/Review Questions Flashcards
Neurons in the nervous system:
- A) Produce mechanical and metabolic support
- B) Transmit electrical signals and generate output
- C) Regulate hormonal balance
- D) Store long-term memories
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Neurons in the nervous system:
- A) Produce mechanical and metabolic support
- B) Transmit electrical signals and generate output
- C) Regulate hormonal balance
- D) Store long-term memories
Rationale:
- Neurons are specialized cells in the nervous system responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information via the generation of electrical signals.
- While glia provide mechanical and metabolic support, it is neurons that predominantly carry out electrical signaling.
What structure of a neuron is the output unit of the cell?
- A) Dendrites
- B) Soma
- C) Axon
- D) Synapse
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
What structure of a neuron is the output unit of the cell?
- A) Dendrites
- B) Soma
- C) Axon
- D) Synapse
Rationale: The axon is the long fiber-like extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body. It serves as the primary output unit of the neuron, transmitting signals to other neurons, muscle cells, or glands.
Which organelle within the cell body synthesizes a large variety and quantity of proteins used as neurotransmitters?
- A) Nucleus
- B) Golgi apparatus
- C) Endoplasmic reticulum - Rough
- D) Mitochondria
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Which organelle within the cell body synthesizes a large variety and quantity of proteins used as neurotransmitters?
- A) Nucleus
- B) Golgi apparatus
- C) Endoplasmic reticulum - Rough
- D) Mitochondria
Rationale: The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) synthesizes and transports proteins, including neurotransmitters, which are essential for cell signaling and communication between neurons.
Which type of neuron carries sensory information from the outer body toward the central nervous system?
- A) Efferent neurons
- B) Afferent neurons
- C) Interneurons
- D) Motor neurons
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Which type of neuron carries sensory information from the outer body toward the central nervous system?
- A) Efferent neurons
- B) Afferent neurons
- C) Interneurons
- D) Motor neurons
Rationale: Afferent neurons, also known as sensory neurons, carry sensory information from sensory receptors (such as those for touch, pain, temperature) toward the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).
Myelin, the white, fatty substance surrounding many neurons outside the central nervous system, is formed by:
- A) Astrocytes
- B) Oligodendrocytes
- C) Schwann cells
- D) Microglia
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Myelin, the white, fatty substance surrounding many neurons outside the central nervous system, is formed by:
- A) Astrocytes
- B) Oligodendrocytes
- C) Schwann cells
- D) Microglia
Rationale: Schwann cells are responsible for myelinating neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), forming the myelin sheath around axons. In the central nervous system (CNS), myelination is primarily done by oligodendrocytes.
What is the site of communication between neurons, and between a neuron and a muscle or a gland?
- A) Dendrite
- B) Cell body
- C) Synapse
- D) Axon
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
What is the site of communication between neurons, and between a neuron and a muscle or a gland?
- A) Dendrite
- B) Cell body
- C) Synapse
- D) Axon
Rationale: The synapse is the junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell (muscle or gland), where neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron to transmit signals to the postsynaptic neuron or effector cell.
What is the term for the cellular mechanism that transports substances along an axon?
- A) Axoplasmic transport
- B) Axonal transmission
- C) Dendritic transport
- D) Synaptic transmission
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
What is the term for the cellular mechanism that transports substances along an axon?
- A) Axoplasmic transport
- B) Axonal transmission
- C) Dendritic transport
- D) Synaptic transmission
Rationale: Axoplasmic transport is the process by which substances, including neurotransmitters, are transported along the axon of a neuron, enabling communication between different parts of the neuron and facilitating cellular functions.
Which type of membrane channel opens in response to changes in the electrical potential across the cell membrane?
- A) Modality-gated channels
- B) Ligand-gated channels
- C) Voltage-gated channels
- D) Leak channels
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Which type of membrane channel opens in response to changes in the electrical potential across the cell membrane?
- A) Modality-gated channels
- B) Ligand-gated channels
- C) Voltage-gated channels
- D) Leak channels
Rationale: Voltage-gated channels are membrane channels that open in response to changes in the electrical potential (voltage) across the cell membrane. They play a crucial role in generating and propagating action potentials in neurons.
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with mood regulation, sleep, and appetite?
- A) Dopamine
- B) Serotonin
- C) Acetylcholine
- D) GABA
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with mood regulation, sleep, and appetite?
- A) Dopamine
- B) Serotonin
- C) Acetylcholine
- D) GABA
Rationale: Serotonin is a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of mood, sleep, appetite, and other functions. Imbalances in serotonin levels are associated with various mood disorders such as depression and anxiety.
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating vital functions such as breathing and heart rate?
- A) Cerebellum
- B) Hypothalamus
- C) Medulla oblongata
- D) Hippocampus
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating vital functions such as breathing and heart rate?
- A) Cerebellum
- B) Hypothalamus
- C) Medulla oblongata
- D) Hippocampus
Rationale: The medulla oblongata is located in the brainstem and controls vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, and reflexes like coughing and sneezing.
Which of the following structures is involved in the formation of new memories and spatial navigation?
- A) Amygdala
- B) Thalamus
- C) Hippocampus
- D) Basal ganglia
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Which of the following structures is involved in the formation of new memories and spatial navigation?
- A) Amygdala
- B) Thalamus
- C) Hippocampus
- D) Basal ganglia
Rationale: The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system and plays a crucial role in the formation of new memories and spatial navigation.
Parkinson’s disease is primarily associated with the degeneration of neurons that produce which neurotransmitter?
- A) Dopamine
- B) Serotonin
- C) Acetylcholine
- D) Glutamate
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Parkinson’s disease is primarily associated with the degeneration of neurons that produce which neurotransmitter?
- A) Dopamine
- B) Serotonin
- C) Acetylcholine
- D) Glutamate
Rationale: Parkinson’s disease is characterized by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain, leading to motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia.
Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for the “fight or flight” response?
- A) Somatic nervous system
- B) Autonomic nervous system
- C) Enteric nervous system
- D) Parasympathetic nervous system
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for the “fight or flight” response?
- A) Somatic nervous system
- B) Autonomic nervous system
- C) Enteric nervous system
- D) Parasympathetic nervous system
Rationale: The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate. Its sympathetic division activates the “fight or flight” response in response to stress or danger.
Which part of the neuron receives signals from other neurons or sensory receptors?
- A) Soma
- B) Axon
- C) Dendrite
- D) Synapse
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Which part of the neuron receives signals from other neurons or sensory receptors?
- A) Soma
- B) Axon
- C) Dendrite
- D) Synapse
Rationale: Dendrites are the branching extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors and transmit them toward the cell body (soma).
Which neurotransmitter is involved in muscle contraction and is commonly disrupted in diseases like myasthenia gravis?
- A) Serotonin
- B) Dopamine
- C) Acetylcholine
- D) GABA
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Which neurotransmitter is involved in muscle contraction and is commonly disrupted in diseases like myasthenia gravis?
- A) Serotonin
- B) Dopamine
- C) Acetylcholine
- D) GABA
Rationale: Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction. Diseases like myasthenia gravis involve disruption of acetylcholine receptors, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue.
The area of the brain responsible for higher cognitive functions such as reasoning and problem-solving is the:
- A) Cerebellum
- B) Prefrontal cortex
- C) Amygdala
- D) Thalamus
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
The area of the brain responsible for higher cognitive functions such as reasoning and problem-solving is the:
- A) Cerebellum
- B) Prefrontal cortex
- C) Amygdala
- D) Thalamus
Rationale: The prefrontal cortex, located in the frontal lobe, is responsible for executive functions such as reasoning, problem-solving, decision-making, and impulse control.
Which type of glial cell is responsible for scavenging cellular debris and pathogens in the central nervous system?
- A) Astrocytes
- B) Oligodendrocytes
- C) Microglia
- D) Ependymal cells
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Which type of glial cell is responsible for scavenging cellular debris and pathogens in the central nervous system?
- A) Astrocytes
- B) Oligodendrocytes
- C) Microglia
- D) Ependymal cells
Rationale: Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) responsible for scavenging cellular debris, pathogens, and damaged cells through phagocytosis
The neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known for its role in:
- A) Excitatory neurotransmission
- B) Inhibitory neurotransmission
- C) Muscle contraction
- D) Pain perception
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
The neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known for its role in:
- A) Excitatory neurotransmission
- B) Inhibitory neurotransmission
- C) Muscle contraction
- D) Pain perception
Rationale: GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), meaning it decreases the likelihood of neuronal firing, helping to regulate neuronal activity and prevent excessive excitability.
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
The neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known for its role in:
- A) Excitatory neurotransmission
- B) Inhibitory neurotransmission
- C) Muscle contraction
- D) Pain perception
Correct Answer: B) Inhibitory neurotransmission
Rationale: GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), meaning it decreases the likelihood of neuronal firing, helping to regulate neuronal activity and prevent excessive excitability.
Which part of the neuron is responsible for transmitting electrical impulses away from the cell body?
- A) Soma
- B) Axon
- C) Dendrite
- D) Synapse
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Which part of the neuron is responsible for transmitting electrical impulses away from the cell body?
- A) Soma
- B) Axon
- C) Dendrite
- D) Synapse
Rationale: The axon is the elongated fiber of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body (soma) to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
The neurotransmitter most commonly associated with reward and pleasure is:
- A) Serotonin
- B) Dopamine
- C) Acetylcholine
- D) Glutamate
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
The neurotransmitter most commonly associated with reward and pleasure is:
- A) Serotonin
- B) Dopamine
- C) Acetylcholine
- D) Glutamate
Rationale: Dopamine is a neurotransmitter involved in the brain’s reward system, regulating motivation, pleasure, and reinforcement of behaviors.
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements and sensory inputs?
- A) Somatic nervous system
- B) Autonomic nervous system
- C) Enteric nervous system
- D) Parasympathetic nervous system
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Which division of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements and sensory inputs?
- A) Somatic nervous system
- B) Autonomic nervous system
- C) Enteric nervous system
- D) Parasympathetic nervous system
Rationale: The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary movements and sensory inputs, such as touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception.
The condition characterized by sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain, leading to seizures, is known as:
- A) Epilepsy
- B) Parkinson’s disease
- C) Alzheimer’s disease
- D) Multiple sclerosis
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
The condition characterized by sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain, leading to seizures, is known as:
- A) Epilepsy
- B) Parkinson’s disease
- C) Alzheimer’s disease
- D) Multiple sclerosis
Rationale: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures resulting from abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
Which of the following brain structures is responsible for regulating body temperature, hunger, and thirst?
- A) Cerebellum
- B) Hypothalamus
- C) Medulla oblongata
- D) Amygdala
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Which of the following brain structures is responsible for regulating body temperature, hunger, and thirst?
- A) Cerebellum
- B) Hypothalamus
- C) Medulla oblongata
- D) Amygdala
Rationale: The hypothalamus is a small region of the brain located below the thalamus and is involved in the regulation of various physiological functions, including body temperature, hunger, thirst, and hormonal balance.
The protective covering of axons that enhances the speed of electrical signal transmission is called the:
- A) Node of Ranvier
- B) Myelin sheath
- C) Schwann cell
- D) Dendrite
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
The protective covering of axons that enhances the speed of electrical signal transmission is called the:
- A) Node of Ranvier
- B) Myelin sheath
- C) Schwann cell
- D) Dendrite
Rationale: The myelin sheath is a fatty covering around axons produced by glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which speeds up the conduction of nerve impulses.
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating balance, coordination, and posture?
- A) Cerebellum
- B) Hypothalamus
- C) Medulla oblongata
- D) Amygdala
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for regulating balance, coordination, and posture?
- A) Cerebellum
- B) Hypothalamus
- C) Medulla oblongata
- D) Amygdala
Rationale: The cerebellum, located at the back of the brain, plays a crucial role in fine-tuning motor movements, maintaining balance, coordination, and posture.
The neurotransmitter involved in the body’s stress response and regulation of mood is:
- A) Serotonin
- B) Dopamine
- C) Norepinephrine
- D) Acetylcholine
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
The neurotransmitter involved in the body’s stress response and regulation of mood is:
- A) Serotonin
- B) Dopamine
- C) Norepinephrine
- D) Acetylcholine
Rationale: Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is a neurotransmitter and hormone involved in the body’s stress response, alertness, arousal, and regulation of mood.
The condition characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis, is known as:
- A) Parkinson’s disease
- B) Multiple sclerosis
- C) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
- D) Huntington’s disease
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
The condition characterized by the progressive degeneration of motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and paralysis, is known as:
- A) Parkinson’s disease
- B) Multiple sclerosis
- C) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
- D) Huntington’s disease
Rationale: ALS, also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to progressive muscle weakness, paralysis, and eventually respiratory failure.
Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for inhibitory signals in the central nervous system (CNS)?
- A) Glutamate
- B) GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
- C) Dopamine
- D) Serotonin
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Which neurotransmitter is primarily responsible for inhibitory signals in the central nervous system (CNS)?
- A) Glutamate
- B) GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
- C) Dopamine
- D) Serotonin
Rationale: GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), exerting its effects by reducing neuronal excitability and dampening excessive neural activity.
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure?
- A) Cerebellum
- B) Hypothalamus
- C) Medulla oblongata
- D) Thalamus
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure?
- A) Cerebellum
- B) Hypothalamus
- C) Medulla oblongata
- D) Thalamus
Rationale: The medulla oblongata, located at the base of the brainstem, controls vital autonomic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure.
The neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction and movement is:
- A) Serotonin
- B) Dopamine
- C) Acetylcholine
- D) GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
The neurotransmitter involved in muscle contraction and movement is:
- A) Serotonin
- B) Dopamine
- C) Acetylcholine
- D) GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
Rationale: Acetylcholine is the primary neurotransmitter responsible for initiating muscle contraction and movement by transmitting signals from motor neurons to muscle fibers at neuromuscular junctions.
Which part of the brain is associated with memory formation and emotional responses?
- A) Hippocampus
- B) Hypothalamus
- C) Medulla oblongata
- D) Cerebellum
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
Which part of the brain is associated with memory formation and emotional responses?
- A) Hippocampus
- B) Hypothalamus
- C) Medulla oblongata
- D) Cerebellum
Rationale: The hippocampus, located within the temporal lobes, plays a crucial role in the formation of long-term memories and is also involved in regulating emotional responses.
The condition characterized by progressive degeneration of cognitive function, memory loss, and impairment of daily activities is known as:
- A) Parkinson’s disease
- B) Multiple sclerosis
- C) Alzheimer’s disease
- D) Huntington’s disease
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
The condition characterized by progressive degeneration of cognitive function, memory loss, and impairment of daily activities is known as:
- A) Parkinson’s disease
- B) Multiple sclerosis
- C) Alzheimer’s disease
- D) Huntington’s disease
Rationale: Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of cognitive function, memory impairment, and difficulty performing daily tasks due to the deterioration of brain cells.
The area of the brain responsible for processing visual information is the:
- A) Occipital lobe
- B) Temporal lobe
- C) Parietal lobe
- D) Frontal lobe
Properties of Cells in Nervous System
The area of the brain responsible for processing visual information is the:
- A) Occipital lobe
- B) Temporal lobe
- C) Parietal lobe
- D) Frontal lobe
Rationale: The occipital lobe, located at the rear of the brain, is primarily responsible for processing visual information received from the eyes.
