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DPT 692 - Neuroscience > Cerebrum and Cerebral Hemispheres - Revision > Flashcards

Cerebrum and Cerebral Hemispheres - Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main divisions of the central nervous system (CNS)?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

What are the main divisions of the central nervous system (CNS)?

  • The main divisions of the CNS are the brain and the spinal cord.
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2
Q

What are the subdivisions of the forebrain?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The subdivisions of the forebrain include the telencephalon (cerebrum) and the diencephalon .

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3
Q

What are the subdivisions of the hindbrain?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The subdivisions of the hindbrain include the metencephalon and the myelencephalon .

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4
Q

What are the main components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The main components of the PNS are cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves.

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5
Q

What is the primary function of the telencephalon?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The telencephalon, or cerebrum, is responsible for higher brain functions such as cognition, emotion, and voluntary movement.

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6
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating emotions and voluntary movements?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The frontal lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for regulating emotions, planning purposes, reasoning, goal-oriented behaviors, personality, and voluntary movement.

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7
Q

What is the function of the midbrain (mesencephalon)?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The midbrain (Mesencephalon) is involved in functions such as vision, hearing, motor control, sleep, and wakefulness.

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8
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and their primary functions?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The four lobes are frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal.

  • (1) Frontal lobe is responsible for regulating emotions, planning purposes, reasoning, goal-oriented behaviors, personality, and voluntary movement.
  • (2) Parietal lobe is involved in sensations and spatial awareness/relationships.
  • (3) Occipital lobe is responsible for visual processing.
  • (4) Temporal lobe is involved in hearing, memory, and learning.
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9
Q

What is the function of the insular cortex?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The insular cortex regulates emotion, interoception (awareness of feelings and sensations), autonomic functions, taste, social cognition, decision-making, and language processing.

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10
Q

What is the limbic cortex responsible for?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The limbic cortex regulates emotions, memory, behaviors, and emotion processing.

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11
Q

What are some important landmarks of the surface anatomy of the cerebral hemispheres?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

- Important landmarks include:

  • Central sulcus
  • Pre and Postcentral gyrus
  • Inferior temporal gyrus
  • Sylvian (lateral) fissure/sulcus
  • Superior, middle and inferior frontal gyrus
  • Inferior frontal gyrus
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12
Q

What is the primary function of the primary motor cortex?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The primary motor cortex controls voluntary movements and is involved in the descending control of motor output.

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13
Q

What is the function of the association cortex?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The association cortex controls behavior, emotions, and memories.

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14
Q

How many areas does Korbinian Brodmann’s mapping system consist of, and what is its purpose?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Korbinian Brodmann’s mapping system consists of 52 areas used to discriminate function and location in the cerebral hemispheres. It serves as a reference point when pinpointing lesions.

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15
Q

What is the primary function of the primary sensory cortex?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The primary sensory cortex discriminates between different intensities/qualities of sensory information.

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16
Q

What is the role of the secondary sensory cortex?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The secondary sensory cortex is involved in the analysis of sensation.

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17
Q

What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The primary motor cortex controls voluntary movements and provides descending control of motor output.

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18
Q

What is the function of motor planning areas?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Motor planning areas organize movements and contribute to the planning and execution of motor actions.

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19
Q

What functions are controlled by the association cortex?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The association cortex controls behavior, emotions, and memories.

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20
Q

What are some examples of functions controlled by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in goal-oriented behavior, judgmental planning, reasoning, sequential activity, and self-awareness.

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21
Q

What distinguishes primary sensory areas from secondary sensory areas in terms of their functions?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • Primary sensory areas are responsible for initial processing and discrimination of sensory information.
  • Secondary sensory areas analyze and integrate this information, often incorporating past experiences and memory.
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22
Q

How does the primary motor cortex differ from motor planning areas in their roles related to movement?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The primary motor cortex is primarily responsible for executing voluntary muscle movements, while motor planning areas organize and plan movements, contributing to the coordination and sequencing of motor actions.

23
Q

Can you provide examples of functions controlled by the association cortex?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Examples of functions controlled by the association cortex include behavior regulation, emotional processing, memory consolidation, problem-solving, and language comprehension.

24
Q

How does damage to primary sensory areas affect sensory perception compared to damage to secondary sensory areas?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • Damage to primary sensory areas typically results in deficits related to the discrimination and localization of sensory stimuli.
  • Damage to secondary sensory areas may lead to more complex deficits involving the integration and interpretation of sensory information.
25
Q

What distinguishes association areas from primary sensory and motor areas in terms of their functions?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • Association areas integrate and process information from multiple sensory modalities and higher-order cognitive functions, such as perception, attention, memory, and decision-making.
  • Primary sensory and motor areas primarily process specific sensory or motor inputs.
26
Q

How do lesions in association areas impact behavior and cognition compared to lesions in primary sensory or motor areas?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Lesions in association areas can result in diverse cognitive and behavioral impairments, including deficits in language comprehension, spatial awareness, problem-solving, and social cognition, compared to more localized deficits associated with lesions in primary sensory or motor areas.

27
Q

What is Wernicke’s area also known as?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Wernicke’s area is also known as the sensory or receptive speech area.

28
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located in the brain?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Wernicke’s area is located in the left temporoparietal cortex at the temporoparietal junction.

29
Q

What is the primary function of Wernicke’s area?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The primary function of Wernicke’s area is language comprehension.

30
Q

What types of language comprehension does Wernicke’s area enable?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Wernicke’s area enables comprehension of spoken, written, and sign language.

31
Q

What are the consequences of lesions in Wernicke’s area?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Lesions in Wernicke’s area can result in receptive aphasia or fluent aphasia, characterized by impaired language comprehension while speech production remains intact.

32
Q

How do lesions in Wernicke’s area affect language production and comprehension?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Individuals with lesions in Wernicke’s area may speak fluently but produce nonsensical or inappropriate speech due to an inability to comprehend language .

33
Q

What is the difference between receptive aphasia and expressive aphasia, and which one is associated with lesions in Wernicke’s area?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • Receptive aphasia, associated with lesions in Wernicke’s area, involves impaired language comprehension, whereas
  • Expressive aphasia, associated with lesions in Broca’s area, involves difficulty in speech production.
34
Q

What is the primary motor cortex responsible for controlling?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The primary motor cortex is responsible for controlling voluntary movements, particularly those involving fine movements of distal extremities and the face.

35
Q

How does the primary motor cortex differ from motor planning areas?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The primary motor cortex is primarily responsible for executing voluntary muscle movements, while motor planning areas (such as the premotor and supplementary motor areas) are involved in organizing and planning movements, as well as coordinating bimanual and sequential movements.

36
Q

What functions are attributed to premotor and supplementary motor areas?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Premotor and supplementary motor areas are involved in the initiation of movement, orientation planning, and coordination of trunk and girdle movements, as well as contributing to anticipatory postural adjustments.

37
Q

Where is Broca’s Area located, and what is its function?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • Broca’s Area is located in the left frontal lobe, specifically in the inferior frontal gyrus.
  • Its function is primarily related to the motor programming of speech and language production, including the planning and coordination of movements necessary for speech production.
38
Q

What is the role of the inferior frontal gyrus in nonverbal communication?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

The inferior frontal gyrus, particularly in the right hemisphere, is involved in planning nonverbal communication, such as emotional gestures, tone of voice, and facial expressions.

  • Broca’s Area (44,45) in L lobe
39
Q

How do lesions in primary motor areas differ from lesions in motor planning areas in terms of their impact on movement?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • Lesions in primary motor areas typically result in contralateral weakness or paralysis of voluntary movements.
  • Lesions in motor planning areas may lead to deficits in motor planning and execution, resulting in apraxia or difficulties in performing purposeful movements.
40
Q

What is dysarthria, and how is it related to lesions in motor areas?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • Dysarthria is a speech disorder resulting from muscle weakness or paralysis in the speech muscles due to lesions in motor areas.
  • It is characterized by impaired articulation, respiration, and phonation, leading to difficulties in producing speech sounds accurately.
41
Q

What sensory deficits are associated with lesions in primary somatosensory cortex?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Lesions in the primary somatosensory cortex can result in deficits in tactile localization and conscious proprioception .

42
Q

How do lesions in the primary auditory cortex affect auditory perception?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Lesions in the primary auditory cortex can lead to deficits in conscious awareness of the intensity of sound, including loudness and pitch perception.

43
Q

What is homonymous hemianopia, and what brain lesion is associated with it?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • Homonymous hemianopia is a visual field defect where half of the visual field is lost on the same side in both eyes.
  • It is typically associated with lesions in the occipital lobe.
44
Q

What changes are observed with lesions in the primary vestibular cortex?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Lesions in the primary vestibular cortex can result in changes in awareness of head position and movement, as well as deficits in vertical perception.

45
Q

What is astereognosis, and how is it related to lesions in secondary somatosensory areas?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Astereognosis is the inability to recognize objects by touch or manipulation despite intact somatosensation. It is related to lesions in secondary somatosensory areas.

46
Q

How do lesions in secondary visual areas affect visual perception?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Lesions in secondary visual areas can lead to deficits in visual perception, including impairments in motion perception, color recognition, and visual object recognition.

47
Q

What is auditory agnosia, and what brain lesion is associated with it?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Auditory agnosia is the inability to recognize and differentiate sounds despite intact hearing. It is associated with lesions in the secondary auditory cortex.

48
Q

What does the term “agnosia” refer to, and what are some examples?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Agnosia refers to the inability to recognize objects or make sense of incoming sensory information despite intact sensory perception.

Examples include astereognosis (inability to recognize objects by touch), visual agnosia (inability to recognize objects visually), and auditory agnosia (inability to recognize sounds).

49
Q

What is apraxia, and what are its subtypes?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Apraxia is a disorder characterized by the inability to perform purposeful movements despite intact motor function and comprehension.

  • Ideomotor apraxia (difficulty performing movements on command)
  • Ideational apraxia (difficulty performing sequential tasks)
  • Constructional apraxia (difficulty with spatial tasks such as drawing)
50
Q

What is aphasia, and what are the different types?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

- Aphasia is a language disorder resulting from brain damage, typically in the left hemisphere.

- Different types include

51
Q

What are alexia and agraphia, and how do they differ?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • Alexia refers to the impairment in reading ability.
  • Agraphia refers to impairment in writing ability.
52
Q

What distinguishes ideomotor, ideational, and constructional apraxia?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • Ideomotor apraxia is characterized by difficulty performing movements on command.
  • Ideational apraxia involves difficulty with sequential tasks
  • Constructional apraxia results in difficulties with spatial tasks such as drawing or assembling objects.
53
Q

Can you explain the differences between Wernicke’s aphasia and Broca’s aphasia?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • Wernicke’s aphasia is characterized by fluent but nonsensical speech and impaired comprehension.
  • Broca’s aphasia involves non-fluent speech with intact comprehension.

  • Wernicke’s aphasia is associated with lesions in Wernicke’s area, while Broca’s aphasia is associated with lesions in Broca’s area.
54
Q

How do prosopagnosia and auditory agnosia differ in their manifestations?

Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize faces, while auditory agnosia is the inability to recognize sounds.
  • Prosopagnosia is often associated with lesions in the fusiform face area or other areas involved in face processing, while auditory agnosia can result from damage to the auditory association cortex.

DPT 692 - Neuroscience (18 decks)

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