Basal Ganglia Flashcards
What four systems, make essential and distinct contributions to motor control = ?
Basal Ganglia
Four systems make essential and distinct contributions to motor control:
1) Local spinal and brainstem circuits
2) Descending control pathways
3) Cerebellum
- Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum influence movement via different pathways through the thalamus to the motor areas of the cerebral cortex and by connections with motor tracts.
- BG and Cerebellum are NOT part of UMN system.
Basal Ganglia Motor Control
Movement control = ?
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Basal Ganglia
Basal Ganglia Motor Control:
- Movement control
- Voluntary movements
- Muscle tone
- Walking pattern
Basal Ganglia Disorders
- Hypokinetic = ?
- Hyperkinetic= ?
Basal Ganglia
Basal Ganglia Disorders:
- Movement disorders range from hypokinetic (too little movement) to hyperkinetic (excessive movement).
- Inhibit motor thalamus, PPN, and MLR
- Excessive inhibition (or failure of initiation) results in hypokinetic disorders, and
- Inadequate inhibition (or failure of suppression) results in hyperkinetic disorders
Basal Ganglia Disorders inhibit motor thalamus, PPN, and MLR.
- Excessive inhibition results in = ?
- Inadequate inhibition results in = ?
Basal Ganglia
Basal Ganglia Disorders:
- Inhibit motor thalamus, PPN, and MLR
- Excessive inhibition (or failure of initiation) results in hypokinetic disorders, and
- Inadequate inhibition (or failure of suppression) results in hyperkinetic disorders
Basal Ganglia
Subthalamic Nucleus →
- ↑’ed fascilitation
Globulus pallidus internus (GPi) →
- ↑’ed inhibition
Pedunculopontine nucleus VL →
- ↓ inhibited
Reticulospinal tracts →
- ↑’ed fascilitation
LMN’s to postural and girdle muscles (rigidty).
Basal Ganglia
Basal Ganglia
GPi inhibits Motor thalamus
- This causes = ?
- Resulting in = ?
Basal Ganglia
- GPi inhibits Motor thalamus
- This causes:
- Decreased activity of cerebral cortex motor areas to the lateral group of UMNs.
- Resulting in:
- Less activity of the lateral group of UMNs, impairing voluntary movement.
GPi inhibits Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN)
- This causes = ?
- Resulting in = ?
Basal Ganglia
- GPi inhibits Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN)
- This causes:
- Disinhibition of the reticulospinal tracts, activating LMNs.
- Resulting in:
- Rigidity of postural and girdle muscles.
GPi inhibits Midbrain locomotor region
- This causes = ?
- Resulting in = ?
Basal Ganglia
- GPi inhibits Midbrain locomotor region
- This causes:
- Decreased signals from the reticular formation to spinal stepping pattern generators.
- Resulting in:
- Loss of automatic gait
Pathology of PD is due to progressive loss or death of ?
Basal Ganglia
Hypokinetic - Parkinson’s Disease:
- Pathology of PD is due to progressive loss or death of dopaminergic neurons (60-80% loss).
Clinical Features of PD:
Motor symptoms include = ?
Basal Ganglia
Clinical Features of PD:
Motor symptoms include:
- Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
- Rigidity
- Gait abnormalities
- Postural instability
- Resting tremors (pill rolling)
Clinical Features of PD:
Non-motor symptoms include = ?
Basal Ganglia
Clinical Features of PD
- Non-motor symptoms include:
- Depression
- PD dementia
- Constipation
- Fatigue
PT Intervention for PD can reduce symptoms associated with = ?
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Basal Ganglia
PT Intervention for PD
- Rehabilitation:
- Physical therapy/occupational therapy (PT/OT) improves mobility and functional status in individuals with Parkinson’s disease.
- Can reduce symptoms associated with:
- Balance problems
- Gait dysfunction
- Muscle weakness
- Lack of coordination
- Mobility disability
- Rigidity
Abnormal involuntary movements are characteristics of ?
Basal Ganglia
Hyperkinetic Disorders:
Abnormal involuntary movements are characteristics of Huntington’s disease.
Signs of Huntington’s disease include = ?
Basal Ganglia
Huntington’s Disease:
- Signs of disease include
- Chorea: involuntary, jerky & rapid movements.
- Dementia:
What role do the basal ganglia play in the control of movement?
- A) Only initiation of movement
- B) Only suppression of unwanted movement
- C) Both initiation and suppression of movement
- D) Neither initiation nor suppression of movement
Basal Ganglia
What role do the basal ganglia play in the control of movement?
- A) Only initiation of movement
- B) Only suppression of unwanted movement
- C) Both initiation and suppression of movement
- D) Neither initiation nor suppression of movement
Which statement best describes the relationship between the basal ganglia and dopamine?
- A) Dopamine inhibits basal ganglia circuitry.
- B) Dopamine facilitates basal ganglia circuitry.
- C) Dopamine has no effect on basal ganglia circuitry.
- D) Dopamine only affects the basal ganglia in hyperkinetic disorders.
Basal Ganglia
Which statement best describes the relationship between the basal ganglia and dopamine?
- A) Dopamine inhibits basal ganglia circuitry.
- B) Dopamine facilitates basal ganglia circuitry.
- C) Dopamine has no effect on basal ganglia circuitry.
- D) Dopamine only affects the basal ganglia in hyperkinetic disorders.
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is characterized by which type of basal ganglia disorder?
- A) Hyperkinetic disorder
- B) Hypokinetic disorder
- C) Neither hyperkinetic nor hypokinetic
- D) Both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic
Basal Ganglia
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is characterized by which type of basal ganglia disorder?
- A) Hyperkinetic disorder
- B) Hypokinetic disorder
- C) Neither hyperkinetic nor hypokinetic
- D) Both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic
Which of the following is NOT a common motor symptom of Parkinson’s Disease?
- A) Increased muscle tone
- B) Bradykinesia
- C) Resting tremors
- D) Postural instability
Basal Ganglia
Which of the following is NOT a common motor symptom of Parkinson’s Disease?
- A) Increased muscle tone
- B) Bradykinesia
- C) Resting tremors
- D) Postural instability
Which of the following structures is NOT directly influenced by the output of the basal ganglia?
- A) Motor thalamus
- B) Cerebral cortex
- C) Cerebellum
- D) Midbrain locomotor region
Basal Ganglia
Which of the following structures is NOT directly influenced by the output of the basal ganglia?
- A) Motor thalamus
- B) Cerebral cortex
- C) Cerebellum
- D) Midbrain locomotor region
The progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s Disease results in:
- A) Excessive dopamine production
- B) Insufficient dopamine levels
- C) Overactivity of the motor thalamus
- D) Increased activation of UMNs
Basal Ganglia
The progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s Disease results in:
- A) Excessive dopamine production
- B) Insufficient dopamine levels
- C) Overactivity of the motor thalamus
- D) Increased activation of UMNs
Basal Ganglia
In basal ganglia disorders, what does excessive inhibition typically result in?
- A) Hyperkinetic disorders
- B) Hypokinetic disorders
- C) Autonomic dysfunctions
- D) Cognitive impairments
Huntington’s Disease is characterized by which type of involuntary movements?
- A) Tremors
- B) Bradykinesia
- C) Chorea
- D) Rigidity
Basal Ganglia
Huntington’s Disease is characterized by which type of involuntary movements?
- A) Tremors
- B) Bradykinesia
- C) Chorea
- D) Rigidity
Which of the following is an effective therapeutic intervention for Parkinson’s Disease?
- A) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
- B) Physical and Occupational Therapy
- C) Antiviral medications
- D) Dietary supplements
Basal Ganglia
Which of the following is an effective therapeutic intervention for Parkinson’s Disease?
- A) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
- B) Physical and Occupational Therapy
- C) Antiviral medications
- D) Dietary supplements
Hyperkinetic disorders are characterized by:
- A) Too little movement
- B) Excessive movement
- C) Cognitive decline
- D) Emotional disturbances
Basal Ganglia
Hyperkinetic disorders are characterized by:
- A) Too little movement
- B) Excessive movement
- C) Cognitive decline
- D) Emotional disturbances
The GPi’s inhibition of the motor thalamus leads to:
- A) Increased activity of cerebral cortex motor areas
- B) Decreased activity of cerebral cortex motor areas
- C) Stimulation of the cerebellum
- D) Increased voluntary movements
Basal Ganglia
The GPi’s inhibition of the motor thalamus leads to:
- A) Increased activity of cerebral cortex motor areas
- B) Decreased activity of cerebral cortex motor areas
- C) Stimulation of the cerebellum
- D) Increased voluntary movements
Which component is NOT a typical non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s Disease?
- A) Depression
- B) Constipation
- C) Excessive salivation
- D) Fatigue
Basal Ganglia
Which component is NOT a typical non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s Disease?
- A) Depression
- B) Constipation
- C) Excessive salivation
- D) Fatigue
What role does the Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) play in the context of basal ganglia output?
- A) It is stimulated to decrease rigidity in postural muscles.
- B) Its disinhibition leads to activation of the reticulospinal tracts.
- C) It stimulates the cerebral cortex directly.
- D) It enhances the function of sensory neurons.
Basal Ganglia
What role does the Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) play in the context of basal ganglia output?
- A) It is stimulated to decrease rigidity in postural muscles.
- B) Its disinhibition leads to activation of the reticulospinal tracts.
- C) It stimulates the cerebral cortex directly.
- D) It enhances the function of sensory neurons.
The loss of automatic gait in basal ganglia disorders is primarily due to inhibition of:
- A) The cerebral cortex
- B) The spinal stepping pattern generators
- C) The midbrain locomotor region
- D) The lumbar plexus
Basal Ganglia
The loss of automatic gait in basal ganglia disorders is primarily due to inhibition of:
- A) The cerebral cortex
- B) The spinal stepping pattern generators
- C) The midbrain locomotor region
- D) The lumbar plexus
Which neurotransmitter is critically involved in basal ganglia function and is predominantly affected in Parkinson’s disease?
- A) Serotonin
- B) Acetylcholine
- C) Dopamine
- D) GABA
Basal Ganglia
Which neurotransmitter is critically involved in basal ganglia function and is predominantly affected in Parkinson’s disease?
- A) Serotonin
- B) Acetylcholine
- C) Dopamine
- D) GABA
How do the basal ganglia influence motor activity via the thalamus?
- A) By only facilitating the thalamic neurons
- B) By only inhibiting the thalamic neurons
- C) By facilitating or inhibiting the thalamic neurons depending on the circuit
- D) The basal ganglia do not interact with the thalamus
Basal Ganglia
How do the basal ganglia influence motor activity via the thalamus?
- A) By only facilitating the thalamic neurons
- B) By only inhibiting the thalamic neurons
- C) By facilitating or inhibiting the thalamic neurons depending on the circuit
- D) The basal ganglia do not interact with the thalamus
What is the role of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) in basal ganglia output?
- A) It exclusively facilitates movement.
- B) It acts as the main output nucleus that predominantly inhibits downstream targets.
- C) It only receives inputs from the thalamus.
- D) It is not involved in the basal ganglia circuitry.
Basal Ganglia
What is the role of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) in basal ganglia output?
- A) It exclusively facilitates movement.
- B) It acts as the main output nucleus that predominantly inhibits downstream targets.
- C) It only receives inputs from the thalamus.
- D) It is not involved in the basal ganglia circuitry.
Which of the following is a primary function of the substantia nigra pars compacta in basal ganglia circuitry?
- A) It provides inhibitory GABAergic inputs to the striatum.
- B) It produces dopamine, which modulates activities of other basal ganglia components.
- C) It sends excitatory signals to the motor cortex directly.
- D) It receives input from the sensory cortices.
Basal Ganglia
Which of the following is a primary function of the substantia nigra pars compacta in basal ganglia circuitry?
- A) It provides inhibitory GABAergic inputs to the striatum.
- B) It produces dopamine, which modulates activities of other basal ganglia components.
- C) It sends excitatory signals to the motor cortex directly.
- D) It receives input from the sensory cortices.
In the context of basal ganglia dysfunction, which pathway is typically overactive in Parkinson’s disease?
- A) Direct pathway
- B) Indirect pathway
- C) Mesolimbic pathway
- D) Nigrostriatal pathway
Basal Ganglia
In the context of basal ganglia dysfunction, which pathway is typically overactive in Parkinson’s disease?
- A) Direct pathway
- B) Indirect pathway
- C) Mesolimbic pathway
- D) Nigrostriatal pathway
Huntington’s disease primarily affects which of the following components of the basal ganglia?
- A) Thalamus
- B) Cerebellum
- C) Striatum
- D) Substantia nigra
Basal Ganglia
Huntington’s disease primarily affects which of the following components of the basal ganglia?
- A) Thalamus
- B) Cerebellum
- C) Striatum
- D) Substantia nigra
Which is a characteristic outcome when the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is overactive in the context of basal ganglia circuitry?
- A) Decreased motor output
- B) Increased motor output
- C) Unchanged motor activity
- D) Irregular autonomic responses
Basal Ganglia
Which is a characteristic outcome when the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is overactive in the context of basal ganglia circuitry?
- A) Decreased motor output
- B) Increased motor output
- C) Unchanged motor activity
- D) Irregular autonomic responses
Which motor tract is primarily modulated by the outputs of the basal ganglia?
- A) Spinothalamic tract
- B) Pyramidal tract
- C) Dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract
- D) Reticulospinal tract
Basal Ganglia
Which motor tract is primarily modulated by the outputs of the basal ganglia?
- A) Spinothalamic tract
- B) Pyramidal tract
- C) Dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract
- D) Reticulospinal tract
The ‘hyperdirect pathway’ of the basal ganglia involves which of the following structures providing excitatory input to the subthalamic nucleus?
- A) Striatum
- B) Globus pallidus externus
- C) Motor cortex
- D) Thalamus
Basal Ganglia
The ‘hyperdirect pathway’ of the basal ganglia involves which of the following structures providing excitatory input to the subthalamic nucleus?
- A) Striatum
- B) Globus pallidus externus
- C) Motor cortex
- D) Thalamus
Which of the following symptoms is a direct result of basal ganglia dysfunction leading to increased tonic inhibition of the thalamus?
- A) Hyperkinesia
- B) Bradykinesia
- C) Ataxia
- D) Spasticity
Basal Ganglia
Which of the following symptoms is a direct result of basal ganglia dysfunction leading to increased tonic inhibition of the thalamus?
- A) Hyperkinesia
- B) Bradykinesia
- C) Ataxia
- D) Spasticity
