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DPT 692 - Neuroscience > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

What four systems, make essential and distinct contributions to motor control = ?

Basal Ganglia

A

Four systems make essential and distinct contributions to motor control:

1) Local spinal and brainstem circuits

2) Descending control pathways

3) Cerebellum

4) Basal Ganglia

  • Basal Ganglia & Cerebellum influence movement via different pathways through the thalamus to the motor areas of the cerebral cortex and by connections with motor tracts.

  • BG and Cerebellum are NOT part of UMN system.
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2
Q

Basal Ganglia Motor Control

Movement control = ?

3

Basal Ganglia

A

Basal Ganglia Motor Control:

- Movement control

  • Voluntary movements
  • Muscle tone
  • Walking pattern
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3
Q

Basal Ganglia Disorders

  • Hypokinetic = ?
  • Hyperkinetic= ?

Basal Ganglia

A

Basal Ganglia Disorders:

- Movement disorders range from hypokinetic (too little movement) to hyperkinetic (excessive movement).

- Inhibit motor thalamus, PPN, and MLR

  • Excessive inhibition (or failure of initiation) results in hypokinetic disorders, and
  • Inadequate inhibition (or failure of suppression) results in hyperkinetic disorders
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4
Q

Basal Ganglia Disorders inhibit motor thalamus, PPN, and MLR.

  • Excessive inhibition results in = ?
  • Inadequate inhibition results in = ?

Basal Ganglia

A

Basal Ganglia Disorders:

- Inhibit motor thalamus, PPN, and MLR

  • Excessive inhibition (or failure of initiation) results in hypokinetic disorders, and
  • Inadequate inhibition (or failure of suppression) results in hyperkinetic disorders
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5
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Subthalamic Nucleus →

  • ↑’ed fascilitation

Globulus pallidus internus (GPi) →

  • ↑’ed inhibition

Pedunculopontine nucleus VL →

  • ↓ inhibited

Reticulospinal tracts →

  • ↑’ed fascilitation

LMN’s to postural and girdle muscles (rigidty).

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6
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
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7
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
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8
Q

GPi inhibits Motor thalamus

  • This causes = ?
  • Resulting in = ?

Basal Ganglia

A

- GPi inhibits Motor thalamus

- This causes:

  • Decreased activity of cerebral cortex motor areas to the lateral group of UMNs.

- Resulting in:

  • Less activity of the lateral group of UMNs, impairing voluntary movement.
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9
Q

GPi inhibits Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN)

  • This causes = ?
  • Resulting in = ?

Basal Ganglia

A

- GPi inhibits Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN)

- This causes:

  • Disinhibition of the reticulospinal tracts, activating LMNs.

- Resulting in:

  • Rigidity of postural and girdle muscles.
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10
Q

GPi inhibits Midbrain locomotor region

  • This causes = ?
  • Resulting in = ?

Basal Ganglia

A

- GPi inhibits Midbrain locomotor region

- This causes:

  • Decreased signals from the reticular formation to spinal stepping pattern generators.

- Resulting in:

  • Loss of automatic gait
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11
Q

Pathology of PD is due to progressive loss or death of ?

Basal Ganglia

A

Hypokinetic - Parkinson’s Disease:

- Pathology of PD is due to progressive loss or death of dopaminergic neurons (60-80% loss).

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12
Q

Clinical Features of PD:

Motor symptoms include = ?

Basal Ganglia

A

Clinical Features of PD:

Motor symptoms include:

  • Bradykinesia (slowness of movement)
  • Rigidity
  • Gait abnormalities
  • Postural instability
  • Resting tremors (pill rolling)
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13
Q

Clinical Features of PD:

Non-motor symptoms include = ?

Basal Ganglia

A

Clinical Features of PD

- Non-motor symptoms include:

  • Depression
  • PD dementia
  • Constipation
  • Fatigue
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14
Q

PT Intervention for PD can reduce symptoms associated with = ?

6

Basal Ganglia

A

PT Intervention for PD

- Rehabilitation:

  • Physical therapy/occupational therapy (PT/OT) improves mobility and functional status in individuals with Parkinson’s disease.

- Can reduce symptoms associated with:

  • Balance problems
  • Gait dysfunction
  • Muscle weakness
  • Lack of coordination
  • Mobility disability
  • Rigidity
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15
Q

Abnormal involuntary movements are characteristics of ?

Basal Ganglia

A

Hyperkinetic Disorders:

Abnormal involuntary movements are characteristics of Huntington’s disease.

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16
Q

Signs of Huntington’s disease include = ?

Basal Ganglia

A

Huntington’s Disease:

- Signs of disease include

  • Chorea: involuntary, jerky & rapid movements.
  • Dementia:
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17
Q

What role do the basal ganglia play in the control of movement?

  • A) Only initiation of movement
  • B) Only suppression of unwanted movement
  • C) Both initiation and suppression of movement
  • D) Neither initiation nor suppression of movement

Basal Ganglia

A

What role do the basal ganglia play in the control of movement?

  • A) Only initiation of movement
  • B) Only suppression of unwanted movement
  • C) Both initiation and suppression of movement
  • D) Neither initiation nor suppression of movement
18
Q

Which statement best describes the relationship between the basal ganglia and dopamine?

  • A) Dopamine inhibits basal ganglia circuitry.
  • B) Dopamine facilitates basal ganglia circuitry.
  • C) Dopamine has no effect on basal ganglia circuitry.
  • D) Dopamine only affects the basal ganglia in hyperkinetic disorders.

Basal Ganglia

A

Which statement best describes the relationship between the basal ganglia and dopamine?

  • A) Dopamine inhibits basal ganglia circuitry.
  • B) Dopamine facilitates basal ganglia circuitry.
  • C) Dopamine has no effect on basal ganglia circuitry.
  • D) Dopamine only affects the basal ganglia in hyperkinetic disorders.
19
Q

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is characterized by which type of basal ganglia disorder?

  • A) Hyperkinetic disorder
  • B) Hypokinetic disorder
  • C) Neither hyperkinetic nor hypokinetic
  • D) Both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic

Basal Ganglia

A

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is characterized by which type of basal ganglia disorder?

  • A) Hyperkinetic disorder
  • B) Hypokinetic disorder
  • C) Neither hyperkinetic nor hypokinetic
  • D) Both hyperkinetic and hypokinetic
20
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common motor symptom of Parkinson’s Disease?

  • A) Increased muscle tone
  • B) Bradykinesia
  • C) Resting tremors
  • D) Postural instability

Basal Ganglia

A

Which of the following is NOT a common motor symptom of Parkinson’s Disease?

  • A) Increased muscle tone
  • B) Bradykinesia
  • C) Resting tremors
  • D) Postural instability
21
Q

Which of the following structures is NOT directly influenced by the output of the basal ganglia?

  • A) Motor thalamus
  • B) Cerebral cortex
  • C) Cerebellum
  • D) Midbrain locomotor region

Basal Ganglia

A

Which of the following structures is NOT directly influenced by the output of the basal ganglia?

  • A) Motor thalamus
  • B) Cerebral cortex
  • C) Cerebellum
  • D) Midbrain locomotor region
22
Q

The progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s Disease results in:

  • A) Excessive dopamine production
  • B) Insufficient dopamine levels
  • C) Overactivity of the motor thalamus
  • D) Increased activation of UMNs

Basal Ganglia

A

The progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s Disease results in:

  • A) Excessive dopamine production
  • B) Insufficient dopamine levels
  • C) Overactivity of the motor thalamus
  • D) Increased activation of UMNs
23
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

In basal ganglia disorders, what does excessive inhibition typically result in?

  • A) Hyperkinetic disorders
  • B) Hypokinetic disorders
  • C) Autonomic dysfunctions
  • D) Cognitive impairments
24
Q

Huntington’s Disease is characterized by which type of involuntary movements?

  • A) Tremors
  • B) Bradykinesia
  • C) Chorea
  • D) Rigidity

Basal Ganglia

A

Huntington’s Disease is characterized by which type of involuntary movements?

  • A) Tremors
  • B) Bradykinesia
  • C) Chorea
  • D) Rigidity
25
Which of the following is an effective therapeutic intervention for Parkinson’s Disease? * A) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy * B) Physical and Occupational Therapy * C) Antiviral medications * D) Dietary supplements ## Footnote *Basal Ganglia*
Which of the following is an effective therapeutic intervention for Parkinson’s Disease? * A) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy * **B) Physical and Occupational Therapy** * C) Antiviral medications * D) Dietary supplements
26
Hyperkinetic disorders are characterized by: * A) Too little movement * B) Excessive movement * C) Cognitive decline * D) Emotional disturbances ## Footnote *Basal Ganglia*
Hyperkinetic disorders are characterized by: * A) Too little movement * **B) Excessive movement** * C) Cognitive decline * D) Emotional disturbances
27
The GPi’s inhibition of the motor thalamus leads to: * A) Increased activity of cerebral cortex motor areas * B) Decreased activity of cerebral cortex motor areas * C) Stimulation of the cerebellum * D) Increased voluntary movements ## Footnote *Basal Ganglia*
The GPi’s inhibition of the motor thalamus leads to: * A) Increased activity of cerebral cortex motor areas * **B) Decreased activity of cerebral cortex motor areas** * C) Stimulation of the cerebellum * D) Increased voluntary movements
28
Which component is NOT a typical non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s Disease? * A) Depression * B) Constipation * C) Excessive salivation * D) Fatigue ## Footnote *Basal Ganglia*
Which component is NOT a typical non-motor symptom of Parkinson’s Disease? * A) Depression * B) Constipation * **C) Excessive salivation** * D) Fatigue
29
What role does the Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) play in the context of basal ganglia output? * A) It is stimulated to decrease rigidity in postural muscles. * B) Its disinhibition leads to activation of the reticulospinal tracts. * C) It stimulates the cerebral cortex directly. * D) It enhances the function of sensory neurons. ## Footnote *Basal Ganglia*
What role does the Pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) play in the context of basal ganglia output? * A) It is stimulated to decrease rigidity in postural muscles. * **B) Its disinhibition leads to activation of the reticulospinal tracts.** * C) It stimulates the cerebral cortex directly. * D) It enhances the function of sensory neurons.
30
The loss of automatic gait in basal ganglia disorders is primarily due to inhibition of: * A) The cerebral cortex * B) The spinal stepping pattern generators * C) The midbrain locomotor region * D) The lumbar plexus ## Footnote *Basal Ganglia*
The loss of automatic gait in basal ganglia disorders is primarily due to inhibition of: * A) The cerebral cortex * B) The spinal stepping pattern generators * **C) The midbrain locomotor region** * D) The lumbar plexus
31
Which neurotransmitter is critically involved in basal ganglia function and is predominantly affected in Parkinson’s disease? * A) Serotonin * B) Acetylcholine * C) Dopamine * D) GABA ## Footnote *Basal Ganglia*
Which neurotransmitter is critically involved in basal ganglia function and is predominantly affected in Parkinson’s disease? * A) Serotonin * B) Acetylcholine * **C) Dopamine** * D) GABA
32
How do the basal ganglia influence motor activity via the thalamus? * A) By only facilitating the thalamic neurons * B) By only inhibiting the thalamic neurons * C) By facilitating or inhibiting the thalamic neurons depending on the circuit * D) The basal ganglia do not interact with the thalamus ## Footnote *Basal Ganglia*
How do the basal ganglia influence motor activity via the thalamus? * A) By only facilitating the thalamic neurons * B) By only inhibiting the thalamic neurons * **C) By facilitating or inhibiting the thalamic neurons depending on the circuit** * D) The basal ganglia do not interact with the thalamus
33
What is the role of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) in basal ganglia output? * A) It exclusively facilitates movement. * B) It acts as the main output nucleus that predominantly inhibits downstream targets. * C) It only receives inputs from the thalamus. * D) It is not involved in the basal ganglia circuitry. ## Footnote *Basal Ganglia*
What is the role of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) in basal ganglia output? * A) It exclusively facilitates movement. * **B) It acts as the main output nucleus that predominantly inhibits downstream targets.** * C) It only receives inputs from the thalamus. * D) It is not involved in the basal ganglia circuitry.
34
Which of the following is a primary function of the substantia nigra pars compacta in basal ganglia circuitry? * A) It provides inhibitory GABAergic inputs to the striatum. * B) It produces dopamine, which modulates activities of other basal ganglia components. * C) It sends excitatory signals to the motor cortex directly. * D) It receives input from the sensory cortices. ## Footnote *Basal Ganglia*
Which of the following is a primary function of the substantia nigra pars compacta in basal ganglia circuitry? * A) It provides inhibitory GABAergic inputs to the striatum. * **B) It produces dopamine, which modulates activities of other basal ganglia components.** * C) It sends excitatory signals to the motor cortex directly. * D) It receives input from the sensory cortices.
35
In the context of basal ganglia dysfunction, which pathway is typically overactive in Parkinson's disease? * A) Direct pathway * B) Indirect pathway * C) Mesolimbic pathway * D) Nigrostriatal pathway ## Footnote *Basal Ganglia*
In the context of basal ganglia dysfunction, which pathway is typically overactive in Parkinson's disease? * A) Direct pathway * **B) Indirect pathway** * C) Mesolimbic pathway * D) Nigrostriatal pathway
36
Huntington’s disease primarily affects which of the following components of the basal ganglia? * A) Thalamus * B) Cerebellum * C) Striatum * D) Substantia nigra ## Footnote *Basal Ganglia*
Huntington’s disease primarily affects which of the following components of the basal ganglia? * A) Thalamus * B) Cerebellum * **C) Striatum** * D) Substantia nigra
37
Which is a characteristic outcome when the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is overactive in the context of basal ganglia circuitry? * A) Decreased motor output * B) Increased motor output * C) Unchanged motor activity * D) Irregular autonomic responses ## Footnote *Basal Ganglia*
Which is a characteristic outcome when the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is overactive in the context of basal ganglia circuitry? * A) Decreased motor output * **B) Increased motor output** * C) Unchanged motor activity * D) Irregular autonomic responses
38
Which motor tract is primarily modulated by the outputs of the basal ganglia? * A) Spinothalamic tract * B) Pyramidal tract * C) Dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract * D) Reticulospinal tract ## Footnote *Basal Ganglia*
Which motor tract is primarily modulated by the outputs of the basal ganglia? * A) Spinothalamic tract * **B) Pyramidal tract** * C) Dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract * D) Reticulospinal tract
39
The 'hyperdirect pathway' of the basal ganglia involves which of the following structures providing excitatory input to the subthalamic nucleus? * A) Striatum * B) Globus pallidus externus * C) Motor cortex * D) Thalamus ## Footnote *Basal Ganglia*
The 'hyperdirect pathway' of the basal ganglia involves which of the following structures providing excitatory input to the subthalamic nucleus? * A) Striatum * B) Globus pallidus externus * **C) Motor cortex** * D) Thalamus
40
Which of the following symptoms is a direct result of basal ganglia dysfunction leading to increased tonic inhibition of the thalamus? * A) Hyperkinesia * B) Bradykinesia * C) Ataxia * D) Spasticity ## Footnote *Basal Ganglia*
Which of the following symptoms is a direct result of basal ganglia dysfunction leading to increased tonic inhibition of the thalamus? * A) Hyperkinesia * **B) Bradykinesia** * C) Ataxia * D) Spasticity

DPT 692 - Neuroscience (18 decks)

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