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DPT 692 - Neuroscience > Cognition and Dementia > Flashcards

Cognition and Dementia Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognition?

Cognition & Dementia

A
  • Cognition includes basic mental processes such as sensation, attention, and perception.
  • It also encompasses complex mental operations like memory, learning, language use, problem solving, decision making, reasoning, and intelligence.
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2
Q

What role does sensation play in cognition?

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Cognition & Dementia

A
  • Sensation is the initial process of detecting and encoding environmental stimuli, serving as the first step in cognition.
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3
Q

What is the role of attention in cognition?

Cognition & Dementia

A
  • Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things.
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4
Q

How does perception function in cognition?

Cognition & Dementia

A
  • Perception involves interpreting and organizing sensory information to understand its meaning and context, forming a cognitive interpretation of our environment.
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5
Q

What is the role of memory in cognition?

Cognition & Dementia

A
  • Memory allows for the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information, facilitating learning and knowledge retention.
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6
Q

How does problem solving manifest in cognitive processes?

Cognition & Dementia

A
  • Problem solving involves using information and reasoning to make decisions or find solutions to complex issues.
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7
Q

What is the significance of decision making in cognition?

Cognition & Dementia

A
  • Decision making is the process of choosing between alternatives based on reasoning and preferences, crucial for everyday actions and responses.
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8
Q

What is MCI ?

Cognition & Dementia

A
  • Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a state intermediate between normal cognition and dementia, with essentially preserved functional abilities.
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9
Q

How does MCI affect daily functioning?

Cognition & Dementia

A

Individuals with MCI generally maintain their daily living skills and independence, despite experiencing some cognitive decline.

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10
Q

What is the likelihood of MCI progressing to dementia ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Approximately 10-15% of individuals with MCI develop dementia each year, and about one-third of those with MCI due to Alzheimer’s disease develop dementia within five years.

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11
Q

What percentage of U.S. adults over 65 have mild cognitive impairment ?

Cognition & Dementia

A
  • 22% of U.S. adults over 65 have mild cognitive impairment.
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12
Q

What percentage of U.S. adults ages 65 and older have dementia ?

Cognition & Dementia

A
  • 10% of U.S. adults ages 65 and older have dementia.
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13
Q

What is the annual progression rate from MCI to dementia ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

An estimated 10-15% of individuals living with MCI develop dementia each year.

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14
Q

How many people worldwide are living with Alzheimer’s and other dementias ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

Worldwide, 55 million people are living with Alzheimer’s and other dementias.

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15
Q

What is sustained attention ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Sustained attention is the capacity to attend to relevant information during continuous activity without getting distracted.

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16
Q

What is focused or selective attention ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Focused or Selective attention is the ability to concentrate on a specific task while ignoring surrounding distractions.

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17
Q

What is alternating attention ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Alternating attention is the ability to switch focus between tasks, adapting responses according to the demands of each task.

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18
Q

What is divided attention ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Divided attention involves managing multiple tasks at once, responding simultaneously to two or more relevant stimuli or tasks.

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19
Q

What are some clinical examples of challenges with attention ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- A patient may struggle to stay focused on a TV program, stop a dressing activity to talk, or have difficulty with complex activities like cooking or driving due to issues with different types of attention.

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20
Q

How is memory defined in cognitive processes ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Memory is defined as the mental process that allows an individual to store experiences and perceptions for recall at a later time.

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21
Q

What is the role of learning in memory ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Learning is a crucial element of memory which involves acquiring new information or modifying existing knowledge.

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22
Q

What does storage or retention mean in the context of memory ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Storage or retention is the phase of memory where learned information is held over time, ready for retrieval when needed.

23
Q

What is involved in the retrieval or recall process of memory ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Retrieval or recall is the process of accessing stored information from memory, which is crucial for using learned knowledge in practical applications.

24
Q

What is immediate recall in memory ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Immediate recall involves the retention of information for a very short duration, typically just a few seconds.

25
Q

Define short-term memory.

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Short-term memory mediates the retention of events or learning that occurred within a short timeframe, such as a few minutes or hours.

26
Q

What is a clinical example of difficulties with immediate recall ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- A patient may not remember instructions given just seconds before by a therapist for what to do next, indicating immediate recall issues.

27
Q

Give a clinical example of short-term memory issues.

Cognition & Dementia

A

- A therapist may find that a patient has forgotten how to perform a newly learned transfer technique the day after it was taught.

28
Q

What characterizes long-term memory ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Long-term memory involves the retention of information acquired over a long period, such as days, months, or years.

29
Q

Provide a clinical example of long-term memory problems.

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Patients may struggle to recall significant past events like a child’s birth or their own work experiences, especially common in cases of brain injury or Alzheimer’s disease.

30
Q

What are executive functions in cognitive psychology ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Executive functions are capacities that enable a person to engage successfully in independent, purposive, self-serving behavior, including volition, planning, purposive action, and effective performance.

31
Q

What is volition in the context of executive functions ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Volition is the capacity to determine one’s own needs and wants, essential for initiating and choosing tasks.

32
Q

Describe the planning component of executive functions.

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Planning involves identifying and organizing the steps and elements needed to carry out an intention or achieve a goal.

33
Q

What does purposive action mean within executive functions ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Purposive action includes productivity and self-regulation.

  • The ability to initiate, maintain, switch, and stop complex actions in an orderly manner to achieve specific goals.
34
Q

What is meant by effective performance in executive functions ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Effective performance refers to the capacity for quality control, including self-monitoring and self-correction of one’s behavior.

35
Q

Provide a clinical example of executive dysfunction.

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Family and hospital staff may note a patient’s poor judgment, difficulty adapting to new situations, or a lack of attention to the needs and feelings of others, indicating issues with executive functions.

36
Q

What is dementia ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Dementia is a general term for the decline in cognitive ability severe enough to interfere with daily life, characterized by memory loss, impaired judgment, and deteriorated reasoning.

37
Q

How does dementia affect daily life and independence ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Dementia leads to impairments in daily life and independent function, affecting behavior, feelings, and relationships.

38
Q

What causes dementia ?

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Cognition & Dementia

A

- Dementia is caused by abnormal brain changes, leading to a decline in cognitive abilities across multiple areas.

39
Q

What are the key features of Alzheimer’s disease ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the buildup of amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain, leading to severe symptoms like disorientation and memory loss.

40
Q

What is frontotemporal dementia ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Frontotemporal dementia

  • Involves atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes, significantly affecting behavior and language comprehension.
41
Q

Describe Lewy body dementia.

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Lewy body dementia is caused by deposits of the protein alpha-synuclein in the brain, leading to movement symptoms, hallucinations, and sleep disorders.

42
Q

What is vascular dementia ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Vascular dementia is caused by damage to blood vessels in the brain, impairing blood flow and leading to cognitive decline.

43
Q

What is mixed dementia ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Mixed dementia is a condition in which abnormalities linked to more than one type of dementia occur simultaneously.

  • Often involving Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia .
44
Q

How prevalent is Alzheimer’s disease among dementia cases ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- Alzheimer’s disease accounts for 60-80% of dementia cases, making it the most common form of dementia among older adults.

45
Q

What are the symptoms of advanced Alzheimer’s disease ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

- As Alzheimer’s progresses, it leads to increasingly severe symptoms including deepening confusion, unfounded suspicions about family or caregivers, and serious memory and behavior changes.

46
Q

Differentiate MCI vs. Dementia

Cognition & Dementia

A

- MCI: Cognitive changes are of concern to individual and/or family.

- Dementia: Cognitive impairment severe enough to infere with everyday abilities.

47
Q

Signs of….

  • Healthy aging = ?
  • MCI = ?
  • Dementia = ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

a) Healthy aging:

  • Sometimes forgetting which words to use.
  • Losing thngs from time to time.
  • Missing a monthly payment occasionally.

b) MCI:

  • Difficulty coming with words
  • Losing things often ^
  • Forgetting to fo to important events ^

c) Dementia:

  • Losing things often ^
  • Forgetting to fo to important events ^
  • Trouble having a conversation and/or reading and writing
  • Asking the same question or repeating the same story over and over.
  • Difficulty with basic daily activities.
  • Problems handling money or paying bills.
  • Becoming lost in familiar places.
  • Hallucinations, delusions and paranoia.
48
Q

Cognitive Domain = Complex attention

Changes in everyday activities = ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

Complex attention - Changes in everyday activities:

  • Normal tasks take longer, especially when there are competing stimuli
  • Easily distracted, tasks need to be simplified
  • Difficulty holding information in mind to do mental calculations or dial a phone number
49
Q

Cognitive Domain = Executive functioning

Changes in everyday activities = ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

Executive functioning - Changes in everyday activities:

  • Diffculty with multi-stage tasks
  • ” “ Planning
  • ” “ Organizing
  • ” “ Multitasking
  • ” “ Following directions
  • ” “ Keeping up with shifting conversations
50
Q

Cognitive Domain = Learning and memory

Changes in everyday activities = ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

Learning and memory - Changes in everyday activities:

  • Difficulty recalling recent events
  • Repeating self
  • Misplacing objects
  • Losing track of actions already performed
  • Increasing reliance on lists/reminders
51
Q

Cognitive Domain = Language

Changes in everyday activities = ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

Language - Changes in everyday activities:

  • Word-finding difficulty
  • Use of general phrases or wrong words
  • Grammatical errors
  • Difficulty with comprehension of others’ language or written material.
52
Q

Cognitive Domain = Perceptual-motor/visuospatial function

Changes in everyday activities = ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

Perceptual-motor/visuospatial function - Changes in everyday activities:

  • Getting lost in familiar places
  • More use of notes and maps
  • Difficulty using familiar tools and appliances
53
Q

Cognitive Domain = Social cognition

Changes in everyday activities = ?

Cognition & Dementia

A

Social cognition - Changes in everyday activities:

  • Disinhibition or apathy
  • Loss of empathy
  • Inappropriate behavior
  • loss of judgement

DPT 692 - Neuroscience (18 decks)

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