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CLINICAL CHEMISTRY > COMPREHENSIVE EXAM > Flashcards

COMPREHENSIVE EXAM Flashcards

1
Q
  • Resistant to most chemicals
  • Used for pipet tips, test tubes
A

Polypropylene

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2
Q

-Most excellent temperature tolerance and
unparalleled chemical resistance

A

Teflon

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3
Q
  • Clear; stronger than polypropylene
    (resistant to shattering) and has better
    temperature tolerance
  • Chemical resistance is not as good
  • Used for centrifuge tubes and graduated
    cylinders
A

Polycarbonate

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4
Q

Types of Pipette

A

Volumetric
Ostwald-Folin
Serologic
Mohr

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5
Q

Type of Reagent Water

A

Type I
Type II
Type III

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6
Q
  • Purest type
  • Recommended for procedures that require maximum purity and
    minimal interference; for standard preparation
A

Type I

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7
Q
  • Acceptable for most laboratory procedures including REAGENT PREPARATION
A

Type II

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8
Q
  • Can be used for some qualitative tests but not for routine analyses and reagent preparation
  • Water source for the preparation of Type I or II water and for
    washing glass
A

Type III

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9
Q
  • Contain everything you need to know about a chemical reagent
  • Must be available for reference by the staff
A

MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets)

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10
Q
  • Allowable exposure value during an 8-hour shift
  • Inversely proportional to toxicity
A

TLV (Threshold Limit Value)

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11
Q

Radiation type with a wavelength of <400nm

A

Ultraviolet

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12
Q

Radiation type with a wavelength of >700nm

A

Infrared

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13
Q

Radiation type with a wavelength of 400-700nm

A

Visible Spectrum

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14
Q

number of moles of solute per liter (L) of
solution

A

Molarity

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15
Q

number of moles of
solute per kilogram
(kg) of solvent

A

Molality

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16
Q

number of equivalents
weights of solute per
liter (L) of solution

A

Normality

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17
Q

Conversion factor of Glucose

A

0.05551

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18
Q

Conversion factor of BUN

A

0.357

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19
Q

Conversion factor of Uric Acid

A

0.0595

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20
Q

Conversion factor of Cholesterol

A

0.02586

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21
Q

Conversion factor of Triglycerides

A

0.01126

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22
Q

Conversion factor of Creatinine

A

88.4

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23
Q

Conversion factor of Bilirubin

A

17.1

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24
Q

Conversion factor of Protein

A

10

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25
Q
  • average or arithmetic mean
  • commonly used in QC as a measure of center
A

Mean

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26
Q
  • Central value or midpoint of a data set after the values have been ranked
    or ordered
A

Median

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27
Q
  • most frequently occurring value in a data set
  • can be multimodal, bimodal, or no mode
A

Mode

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28
Q

68% of values fall within

A

1SD

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29
Q

95% of values fall within

A

2SD

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30
Q

99% of values fall within

A

3SD

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31
Q
  • Ability of a test to detect a given disease
    or condition
  • The proportion of individuals who have the disease who also tested positive
A

Diagnostic sensitivity

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32
Q
  • Ability of a test to detect the absence of
    a given disease or condition
  • The proportion of individuals who do not
    have the disease which also tested
    negative
A

Diagnostic specificity

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33
Q
  • The probability that a positive test indicates
    disease
  • The proportion of individuals who tested
    positive and who truly have the disease
A

Positive predictive value

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34
Q
  • The probability that a negative test indicates
    absence of disease
  • The proportion of individuals who tested
    negative and don’t have the disease
A

Negative predictive value

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35
Q
  • Ability of a method to detect the smallest concentration of an analyte
A

Analytical sensitivity

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36
Q

Ability of a method to detect only the analyte of interest

A

Analytical specificity

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37
Q
  • Due to chance or an
    unpredictable cause
  • Affects precision
  • Affects few control
    observations or samples
A

Random Error

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38
Q
  • influences observations consistently
    in one direction
  • affects accuracy
  • persists until troubleshooting is
    performed
  • affects all observations in a run
  • shift and trend
A

Systematic Error

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39
Q

-Data points are distributed symmetrically around the mean (bell curve) with
most values close to the center; mean, median, and mode are identical

  • 95% confidence limit: desired; control observations should fall within this limit
A

GAUSSIAN/NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

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40
Q

Examples of Anticoagulant Additives

A

EDTA
Citrate
Oxalate
Heparin

41
Q

Examples of Clot Activators Additives

A

Silica
Celite
Diatomite
Thrombin

42
Q

(most commonly used anticoagulant in CC)

43
Q

Example of an Antiglycolytic agent

A

Sodium fluoride

44
Q

Prevents glycolysis

Primarily for glucose but
may also be used for
lactate and ethanol

Inhibits urease and uricase
(may falsely decrease BUN
and uric acid levels
respectively)

A

Sodium fluoride

45
Q

Considered the standard venipuncture needle for routine venipuncture on patients with normal veins or for syringe blood culture collection

46
Q

Measurement of the amount of light from a specific wavelength of the electromagnetic wavelength

A

SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

47
Q

The concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed and is inversely proportional to the logarithm of transmitted light

A

Beer’s Law (Beer-Lambert’s Law)

48
Q
  • Distilled water, reagent, or sample used to subtract absorbances not due
    to the analyte of interest
  • Sets the spectrophotometer to 0 absorbance
49
Q

The substance of known purity and concentration used to calibrate an assay
method or determine the concentration of the unknown analyte (for a
single analyte only)

A

Standard/Calibrator

50
Q

A solution containing various analytes with known target values

51
Q

provides the light that the analyte in the sample will absorb

A

Light source

52
Q

ensures that the light that enters the monochromator only comes from the
light source; prevents stray light

A

Entrance slit

53
Q

selects a specific wavelength of the light emitted by the source (makes
polychromatic light monochromatic)

A

Monochromator

54
Q
  • further prevents stray lights and controls the bandpass
  • ensures that only a narrow fraction of the spectrum will strike the sample
55
Q
  • Should be transparent to the wavelength of interest
  • Light should pass through and not absorb any part of it
  • Can be quartz, plastic, or glass.
56
Q
  • Light transmitted is the light which was not absorbed
  • Transforms light into an equivalent amount of electrical energy which will be quantified by the meter (part of the read-out device)
  • Most commonly used and most sensitive: photomultiplier
A

Photodetector/Photomultiplier

57
Q

Principle: Measurement of the amount of light emitted by excited molecules

A

FLUOROMETRY

58
Q

Principle: Measurement of light emitted by a chemical reaction; involves oxidation of an organic compound catalyzed by an enzyme, a metal, or hemin

A

CHEMILUMINESCENCE

59
Q

most commonly used POCT

A

Blood glucose monitors (glucometers)

60
Q

Used for determining electrolytes and blood gases

A

ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES

61
Q

Hypoglycemia: plasma glucose level

A

< 50 mg/dL

62
Q

Panic value for hypoglycemia

63
Q

Whipple’s triad of hypoglycemia

A

Symptoms of hypoglycemia
Low plasma glucose level
Relief of symptoms following correction

64
Q
  • autoimmune or idiopathic beta cell destruction leading to absolute insulin
    deficiency
  • Insulin-dependent
65
Q
  • insulin resistance with progressive insulin deficiency
66
Q
  • glucose intolerance during pregnancy that disappears post-partum but may convert to type 2 DM in 30-40% of cases within 10 years
  • due to metabolic and hormonal changes
A

Gestational DM

67
Q

Random Blood Sugar Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes Mellitus

A

> 200mg/dL + symptoms

68
Q

Fasting Blood Sugar Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes Mellitus

A

> 126 mg/dL

69
Q

2-hr PG (OGTT) Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes Mellitus

A

> 200 mg/dL

70
Q

HbA1C Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes Mellitus

71
Q

Chemical Method for Glucose Measurement

A

Copper Reduction
Ferric Reduction
Condensation

72
Q

Enzymatic Method for Glucose Measurement

A

Glucose Oxidase
Hexokinase

73
Q

due to a deficiency of the enzyme GALT

A

Galactosemia

74
Q

Enzyme deficient of Ia (Von Gierke)

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase

75
Q

Are the largest lipoproteins and have the lowest density.

A

Chylomicrons

76
Q

Carries endogenous triglycerides synthesized in the liver.

A

VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (VLDL)

77
Q

A transitional form, as it is formed from VLDL and then further modified in the liver to LDL.

A

INTERMEDIATE-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (IDL)

78
Q

The body’s major cholesterol carrier and transports a large amount of endogenous cholesterol. Known as “bad cholesterol,” LDL is easily taken up by cells, so elevated levels are associated with increased risk for
atherosclerosis (atherogenic).

A

LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (LDL)

79
Q

Is also known as “good cholesterol.”

A

HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (HDL)

80
Q

Floating beta-lipoprotein

Migrates along with beta-lipoprotein but floats in ultracentrifugation

81
Q

Sinking pre-beta lipoprotein

82
Q

also known as Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome

A

Abetalipoproteinemia

83
Q

Abetalipoproteinemia is also known as

A

Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome

84
Q

Chemical methods for cholesterol

A

Abell Kendall method
Modified Abell-Kendall
GCMS (current reference method)

85
Q

Friedewald equation

A

VLDL = TG/5 (mg/dL) or 2.175 (mol)

86
Q

Most abundant NPN

87
Q

BUN to Urea

A

Multiply by 2.14

88
Q

Urea to BUN

A

Divide by 2.14

89
Q

Reference method of Urea

A

Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS)

90
Q

Very high plasma urea concentration accompanied by renal failure

A

UREMIA/UREMIC SYNDROME

91
Q

Constitutes 5% of total plasma NPNs

A

CREATININE (5%)

92
Q

Creatinine Chemical Method

A

Jaffe Reaction

93
Q

Smallest in concentration; only comprises 0.2% of total plasma NPNs

A

AMMONIA (0.2%)

94
Q

A major contributor to osmotic or oncotic pressure (most abundant plasma
protein)

95
Q

Synthesized during gestation in the yolk sac and liver of the fetus, peaking at 13 weeks and declining at 34 weeks.

A

α – Fetoprotein

96
Q

Positive acute phase reactant (APR)

Binds free hemoglobin to preserve iron

A

Haptoglobin

97
Q

Positive acute phase reactant; has oxidase activity

Copper binding protein

A

Ceruloplasmin

98
Q

Transports ferric form of iron

A

Transferrin

99
Q

The most sensitive positive acute phase reactant

Enhances phagocytosis in inflammatory disease

Most useful nonspecific marker of inflammation

A

C-Reactive Protein

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY (6 decks)

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