CC2 PRELIM (ENZYME, ABG, ELECTROLYTES TUMOR MARKERS) Flashcards
are specific proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without altering the equilibrium point of the reaction or being consumed or changed in composition.
Enzyme
A structure in which each enzyme contains a specific amino acid sequence
primary structure
A structure in which the resultant polypeptide chains adopting bends and turns
secondary structure
A structure in which an enzyme folding into a three-dimensional structure
tertiary structure
refers to the binding and interactions between the subunits.
quaternary structure
results when an enzyme is subject to posttranslational modifications with a functional group added to an amino acid.
isoform
it catalyzes an oxidation–reduction reaction between two substrates.
oxidoreductases
it catalyzes the transfer of a group other than hydrogen from one substrate to another.
Transferases
catalyze hydrolysis of various bonds.
hydrolases
catalyze the removal of groups from substrates without hydrolysis; the product contains
double bonds.
lyases
catalyze the interconversion of geometric, optical, or positional isomers.
isomerases
catalyze the joining of two substrate molecules, coupled with the breaking of the pyrophosphate bond in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or a similar compound.
ligases
In EC number code, the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd number represent the
classification, subclass, and subsubclass
what classification is aldolase
lyases
ALP and ACP is what classification
hydrolases
AST, ALT, CK, and Pyruvate kinase is what classification
transferases
LD, G6PD, and Glutamate dehydrogenase is what classification
oxidoreductases
The excess energy needed to induce the transition state
is called
activation energy
it is based on the premise that the shape of the key (substrate) must fit into the lock (enzyme)
Emil Fisher’s/Lock and Key Theory
It is based on the substrate binding to the active site of the enzyme
Kockland’s/Induced Fit Theory
meaning that the enzyme combines with only one substrate and catalyzes only one corresponding reaction.
absolute specificity
enzyme combined with all the substrates in a chemical group is called
group specificity
enzyme reacting with specific chemical bonds is known as
bond specificity
the rate of the reaction is directly
proportional to substrate concentration.
first-order reaction
the reaction rate depends only on enzyme concentration
zero-order reaction
A method of measurement where the reaction proceeds for a designated time
fixed time
A method of measurement where multiple measurements of changes in absorbance are made during the reaction
continuous monitoring/kinetic assay
these are nonprotein entities that often bind to particular enzymes and provide a necessary function before a reaction occurs.
cofactors
these are organic compound
coenzymes
examples of coenzymes
NAD and NADP
this may be essential for the reaction or may only enhance the reaction rate in proportion to concentration and it alternates the spatial configuration of the enzyme for proper substrate binding, linking substrate to the enzyme or coenzyme, or undergoing oxidation or reduction.
activators
these are inorganic ion attached to a molecule
metalloenzymes
metalloenzymes examples are
catalase and cytochrome oxidase
it physically binds to the active site of an enzyme but the inhibition is also reversible
competitive inhibitor
it does not compete with the substrate but looks for areas other than the active site (allosteric site)
non-competitive inhibitor
the inhibitor binds to the enzyme-substrate (ES) complex
uncompetitive inhibitor
these are enzymes having the same catalytic reactions but slightly different molecular structures
isoenzymes
most physiologic reactions occur in the pH range of
pH 7-8
ideal temperature for the preservation of enzymes
-20 degree celcius
ideal temperature for the preservation of substrate and coenzymes
2-8 degree celcius
ideal temperature for the preservation of LDH
22 degree celcius
ALP reference value
30-90 U/L
In normal pregnancy increased ALP is detected between
16-20 weeks
What blood type have elevated ALP level
B and O blood group
In what disease is elevated ALP is seen
Paget’s disease
B1x isoform is used to study
low bone mineral disease (BMD)
what isoform of ALP is used to study BMD
B1x
it is ALP found in the lungs and the most heat stable
Regan ALP
Regan ALP is stable at
at 65 degrees celsius for 30 minutes
this ALP is inhibited by L-leucine and Phenylalanine
Nagao ALP
what isoenzyme of ALP is the most anodal
liver and bone ALP
what is used to separate Liver and Bone ALP
neuraminidase and wheat germ lectin
heat fractionation /stability test is performed at
56 C for 10-15 mins
Decreasing order of ALP heat stability
placental, intestinal, liver and bone ALP
Phenylalanine inhibits what ALP isoenzymes
placental, intestinal, nagao, and regan ALP
ALP is inhibited by
phosphorus
Decreased ALP is seen in
zinc deficiency
what level of ACP indicates presence of seminal fluid in the sample
ACP activity of >50 UI/L
ACP is used for the detection of
prostatic adenocarcinoma
what is used for confirmation of prostatic adenocarcinoma
prostate-specific antigen
is the specific substrate, and for quantitative endpoint reaction for ACP
thymolphthalein monophosphate
it is preferred for continuous monitoring method for ACP
a-naphthyl PO4
what are the two isoenzyme fraction of AST
cytoplasmic (predominant) and mitochondrial AST
what method is used for AST
karmen method
it is significant in the evaluation of hepatic disorders
ALT
what is the coenzyme of aminotransferases
pyridoxal phosphate (Vitamin B6)
what method is used for ALT
coupled enzymatic reaction
what is the De Ritis Ratio
(ALT:AST) is >1.0
what is the S-type and P-type isoenzyme of amylase
s-type (ptyalin) and p-type (amylopsin)
Salivary amylase is inhibited by
wheat germ lectin
is an enzyme that hydrolyzes the ester linkages of fats to produce alcohols and fatty acids from triglycerides.
lipase
it is more pure form of TAG and is used as a substrate for LPS assay
Triolein
reference method for LPS
cherry crandall
it is the most commonly used method for LPS; does not use 50% olive oil
peroxidase coupling
an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of lactic and pyruvic acids.
lactate dehydrogenase
LD isoenzyme for cancer marker
LD2, LD3, and LD4
predominant LD isoenzyme for cancer marker
LD3
forward method for LD
wacker method
reverse method for LD
wrobleuski la due
increased LDH is seen in what pneumonia
pneumocystis jerovecii pneumonia (carinii)
catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group between creatine phosphate and adenosine diphosphate
creatine kinase
the most anodal ck isoenzyme
ck-bb
ck mb is not elevated in
angina
forward method for ck
tanzer gilbarg assay
reverse method for ck
oliver rosalki
it interferes with ck assay after release from RBC lysis
adenylate kinase (AK)
is added to reverse method and inhibit AK intereference
adenosine monophosphate
it is a marker for alcoholism
GGT
used as a marker for insecticide poisoning
pseudocholinesterase
method for PChE
ellman technique and potentiometry
a possible indicator of neural dysfunction (Alzheimer disease)
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
ceruloplasmin is used as a marker for
wilson’s disease
a marker for hepatobiliary diseases
ornithine carbamoyl transferase/carbamyl
a newborn screening marker and deficiency of this enzyme leads to drug-induced hemolytic anemia
G6PD
1 gram of Hb carries
1.39 ml of oxygen
to minimize ph changes, the lungs maintain what ratio
20:1
slow or non removal of CO2 increases concentration of
Hydrogen ion (H+)
increase H+ results to
respiratory acidosis
decrease H+ results to
respiratory alkalosis
normal blood ph
7.35-7.45
normal blood pCO2 level
35-45 mmHg
normal blood HCO3 level
21-28 mEq/L or 22-26 mmol/L
caused by bicarbonate deficiency
metabolic acidosis
it is caused by bicarbonate excess
metabolic alkalosis
electrolyte imbalance seen in metabolic alkalosis
hypokalemia and hypochloremia
caused by excessive carbon dioxide accumulation
respiratory acidosis
caused by excessive carbon dioxide loss
respiratory alkalosis
anticoagulant for ABG
0.05 ml heparin/ml of blood
ABG collection method for newborn
indwelling umbilical artery catheter
what happens to pH, pO2 and pCO2 when standing
pH decreases, pO2 decreases, and pCO2 increases
these are ions capable of carrying electric charges
electrolytes
ECF contains
1/3 of water
ICF contains
2/3 of water
it is the major EC cation
sodium
reference value of sodium
135-145 mmol/L
it promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion
aldosterone
it is an endogenous antihypertensive agent, and inhibits action of angiotensin II
atrial natriuretic factor
hypokalemia is seen in
cushing syndrome
hyperkalemia is seen in
addison’s disease
method for sodium
albanese lein
the major IC cation
potassium
it inhibits Na, K, and ATPase pump
Digitalis
low insulin causes
high serum potassium
method for potassium
lockhead and purcell
polymer membrane of Na
TH 227: ETH 157, glass membrane
polymer membrane of K
Valinomycin gel
falsely decreased potassium level is seen in
leukocytosis (WBC consume the potassium)
falsely increased potassium level is seen in
clot formation (platelets releases potassium)
it is the major EC anion and chief counter ion of sodium in ECF
chloride
the only ion to serve as activator
chloride
method for chloride
schales and schales
factors affecting plasma calcium levels
vit D
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
calcitonin
polymer membrane for calcium
ETH 1001
polymer membrane for chloride
lipophilic quaternary ammonium/Ag2S/AgCl
causes of hypercalcemia
CHIMPS
cancer
hyperthyroidism
latrogenic causes
multiple myeloma
hyperparathyroidism
sarcoidosis
causes of hypocalcemia
CHARD
calcitonin
hypothyroidism
alkalosis
renal failure
vitamin d deficiency
tumor marker for ovarian cancer
CA-125
tumor marker for breast cancer
CA 15-3
tumor marker for pancreatic and colorectal cancer
CA-19.9
tumor marker for lung cancer
placental ALP
tumor marker for hepatic and testicular cancers
AFP
tumor marker for urinary bladder cancer
nuclear matrix protein
