CARBOHYDRATES Flashcards
These are hydrates of aldehyde or ketone derivatives based on the location of the CO functional group
Carbohydrates
4 types of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
The simplest carbohydrates
Glycol aldehyde
Complete oxidation of glucose yields …
Carbon dioxide, Water, and Adenosine Triphosphate
Reducing sugars are
Glucose
Maltose
Fructose
Lactose
Galactose
The most common non-reducing sugar
Sucrose
It is both an endocrine and exocrine organ
Pancreas
A primary hormone responsible for the entry of glucose into the cell
Insulin
Insulin is synthesized in …
B-cells of the islet of Langerhans of the pancreas
It is normally released when the glucose level is high
Insulin
This is a hypoglycemic agent
Insulin
Serum insulin may be falsely low due …
To the presence of hemolysis
It is a hyperglycemic agent
Glucagon
Glucagon synthesized in
Alpha cell of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
Fasting plasma glucagon is normally at
25-50 pg/mL
Other hormones that increase glucose concentration
Cortisol and corticosteroids
Catecholamines
Growth hormones
Thyroid hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Somatostatin
These are secreted by the zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex
Cortisol and corticosteroids
It increases the intestinal entry of glucose into the cell
Cortisol and corticosteroids
These are released from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and inhibit insulin secretion
Catecholamines
It is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland
Growth hormone
Promotes glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis and intestinal absorption of glucose
Thyroid hormone
It is produces by the delta cells of the islet of Langerhans
Somatostatin
It is toxic to beta cell function and impairs insulin secretion
Hyperglycemia
FBS of Diabetes Mellitus (positive)
126 mg/dl
It results from an imbalance between glucose utilization and production
Hypoglycemia
Criteria of hypoglycemia
Whipple’s Triad
(Low blood glucose concentration)
At what level are glucagon and other hormones released into the circulation
65-70 mg/dL
At what level does it strongly suggest hypoglycemia
=< 60 mg/dL
Symptoms of hypoglycemia
Neurogenic
Neuroglycopenic
It is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin receptors, or both
Diabetes Mellitus
Fasting plasma glucose concentration that is diagnostic of DM
> = 126 mg/dL
In severe DM, the ratio of Bhydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate is
6:1
It is formerly known as Insulin Dependent DM, Juvenile Onset DM, Brittle Diabetes, Ketosis-Prone Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
It is the result of cellular-mediated autoimmune destruction of B-cells of the pancreas
Type 1 DM
Formerly known as Non-Insulin Dependent DM, Stable Diabetes, and etc.
Type 2 DM
It is characterized by hyperglycemia due to an individual’s resistance to insulin
Type 2 DM
Type 2 DM is described as
Geneticist’s Nightmare
A disorder characterized by impaired ability to metabolize carbohydrates usually caused by a deficiency of insulin, metabolic, or hormonal changes.
Gestational DM
Screening and diagnosis of Gestational DM
2-hour OGTT using 75g glucose load
2-hour Glucose level for Gestation DM
> = 153 mg/dL
Its principle is the reduction of cupric ions to cuprous ions
Alkaline Copper Reduction Method
It uses Phosphomolybdate
Folin Wu Method
It uses Arsenomolybdate
Nelson Somogyi Method
It uses Neocuproine
Neocuproine Method
It is used for the detection and quantification of reducing substances in body fluids like blood and urine
Benedict’s Method (Modification of Folin Wu)
Stabilizing agent of Benedict’s Method
Citrate or Tartrate
It involves the reduction of a yellow ferricyanide to a colorless ferrocyanide by glucose
Alkaline Ferric Reduction Method (Hagedorn Jensen)
Also known as Dubowski Method
Ortho-toluidine
It measures B-D glucose
Glucose Oxidase Method
It is the most specific glucose method; reference method
Hexokinase Method
It is requested during insulin shock or hyperglycemic ketonic coma
Random Blood Sugar
It is a measure of overall glucose homeostasis
Fasting Blood Sugar
It measures how well the body metabolizes glucose
2-Hour Post Prandial Blood Sugar
It is a multiple blood sugar test
2-Hour PPBS
It should be performed to diagnose gestational diabetes
Glucose Tolerance Test
It is used for DM patients with gastrointestinal disorders
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test
It is known as glycated hemoglobin
Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1C)
It is a reliable method for monitoring of long-term glucose control
Glycosylated Hemoglobin
It is also known as glycosylated or glycated albumin
Fructosamine
It is an inherited autosomal recessive trait
Glycogen Storage Disease (GSD)
Types of GSD that cause liver damage
Type I, III, IV, VI, IX, 0
types of GSD that cause muscular damage
Type V, VII
It is about 40-60% of the blood plasma glucose level
CSF Glucose
It is formed during the conversion of pro-insulin to insulin
C-peptide Test
