component 3: envionrmental governance

Question 1

tragedy of the commons

Answer 1

• theory by Garett Hardin: common andencouage individuals to satisfy their needs, but the collective impact of such behaviour is devastating as resources become depleted.
• Though it is in yourimmediate, economic interest need to use these commons, in the end it ruins it for everyboy as everybody uses the commons

Question 2

shallow vs deep green ecology

Answer 2

• shallow: harnesses the lessons of ecology to human needs and ends, values sustinability and conervation. Beliefs: Anthropocentrism: should put humanity first before anything, sustainable growth and green capitalism: emphasis the compatibility of capitaism with envonrmental policies. Economic expansions can be built around environmentally friendly production, conserve non-human life.
• deep: gives priority to the maintainence of nature, associated wiith bio-equality, diversity. Beliefs: ecocentrism: refute the idea that humankind is superior to the rest of the globe, anti-growth; the economic system is no fit or purpose and needs to be replaced, green capitalism is a front for continuin environmentally growth destructive practises, biio-centric equality: non-human species nedd to be seen as equalto humanity.

Question 3

intergovernmental panel on climate change

Answer 3

• an international panel of scientists and researchers providing adive on climate change to the international community
• provides balanced and rigorous advice to gocs, involves scientists from around the world, produces regular reports on the extent of limate change.
• strengths: reputation for objectivity and has wide membership which are reliant on it. Built a concensus about the existence of climate change and that it is a consequence of greenhouse gas emissions.
• weakenesses: criticised for oevrstating some drastic claims e.g. 2007 report claimed the himalayan glaciers would disappear by 2035, but this was rettracted in 2010.

Question 4

united nations framework convention on climate change

Answer 4

• provides the basis for international negotiations on climate change, esablished in 1992 at the Rio earth summit.
• establised the different categories of developing and developed states in the climate change discussion: arguments over who bore the greatest responsibility for dealing with it
• set up yearly meeings on climate change known as cops.
• UNFCCC put into place a great deal of scientific principles behind the action on climate change- established the main greenhouse gases that would be covered by the UNFCCC.

Question 5

cop conferences: kyoto and paris

Answer 5

1 - Kyoto: strengths: set legally binding emissionr eduction targets for industrialised countries. Introduces market based mechanisms itnented to aid states in managin both to grow eocnomically and reduce emissions, lots signed - 192. Weaknesses; states were not bound to the protocol and USA, China, India did not ratify it. HAd weak enforcement mechanisms - countries not required to report on progress.
2 - paris agreement:strengths: legally binding, 193 signed plus the european union, introduction of nationally detirmne contributions was a step in the firection of making statestake ownership of specfic actions to reduce emissions. Had long term goals: keeping temp increase to below 2 degrees. Weaknesses: lack of funding - mai prmise was developed states would allocate $100bn a year to developing states to support transition away from fossil fuels this wasnt met. Trump withdrew the USA.