Component 3: Airway Management Techniques and Tools Flashcards

This deck is a review of airway management tools and techniques.

1
Q

Differentiate visceral pleura and parietal pleura.

A
  • Visceral pleura is the slippery outer membrane encompassing the lung tissue.
  • Parietal pleura lines the inside of the thoracic cavity.
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2
Q

What is the fluid between the two pleura membranes called?

A

pulmonary surfactant

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3
Q

What nerve stimulates the diaphragm muscle to contract?

A

phrenic nerve

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4
Q

Where is the heart located in the thoracic cavity?

A

mediastinum

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5
Q

Define:

ventilation

A

It is the physical action of moving air in and out of the lungs.

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6
Q

Define:

oxygenation

A

It is the loading of oxygen molecules onboard the hemoglobin in the bloodstream.

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7
Q

Define:

respiration

A

It is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the capillaries on the alveoli and other tissues of the body.

(O2), (CO2)

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8
Q

What are the two actions of ventilation?

A

inhalation and exhalation

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9
Q

Why is it important to create or secure a patent airway for a patient without a gag reflex?

A

A patient with no gag reflex cannot maintain a patent airway. We must provide a patent airway for oxygenation and possible positive pressure ventilation if needed.

(PPV)

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10
Q

True or false.

There is no difference between internal and external respiration.

A

False

Internal respiration occurs at a cellular level for tissues and organs.

External respiration is the initial action of breathing air in, and the gas exchange at the alveolar level.

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11
Q

What is it called when the cells can no longer metabolize the oxygen deprivation?

A

anaerobic metabolism

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12
Q

Fill in the blank.

The ________ is the most common airway obstruction.

A

tongue

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13
Q

True or false.

If the patient has a suspected spinal injury, it is appropriate to use a jaw-thrust maneuver.

A

True

The head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver may complicate any underlying injuries to the cervical spine.

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14
Q

Describe:

adequate breathing

A
  • a normal respiratory rate (12 to 20 breaths/min),
  • a regular pattern of inhalation and exhalation,
  • lung sounds will be clear and equal bilateral,
  • equal chest rise and volume
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15
Q

A patient is unconscious, unresponsive, and has snoring respirations at 5 breaths/min. What are the steps for airway and ventilation management?

A
  1. If there is a suspected spinal injury, open the airway with a jaw-thrust maneuver maintaining c-spine alignment.
  2. If no injury is suspected, open the airway with a head-tilt/chin-lift maneuver.
  3. Suction as necessary.
  4. Size and insert an oral pharyngeal airway, and place the mask of the bag-valve-mas over the patient’s mouth and nose.
  5. Ventilate while watching for equal chest rise and fall.
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16
Q

Describe:

agonal gasps and/or breathing

A

It is described as intermittent and inadequate gasps.

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17
Q

List the muscles used when the patient is demonstrating labored or difficulty breathing.

Dyspnea

A
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Pectoralis major
  • Intercostals
  • Abdominal
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18
Q

What is the breathing pattern called that has irregular pattern(s) with periods of apnea?

A

Cheyne-Stokes

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19
Q

List the causes of inaccurate pulse oximetry readings.

A
  • nail polish
  • carbon monoxide poisoning
  • severe distal vasoconstriction (chronic hypoxia, smoking, hypothermia)
  • hypovolemia
  • dirty fingers/nail beds

Can you think of any more?

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20
Q

Describe:

capnography

A

It measures end-tidal carbon dioxide and provides a numerical reading and graph of CO2 in the patient’s respirations.

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21
Q

What is the normal capnography mm Hg reading range?

A

35 to 45 mm Hg

22
Q

List the types of airway obstruction(s).

A
  • relaxed tongue
  • foreign bodies (food, objects, dentures)
  • swelling of the airway tissues
  • trauma
  • emesis/vomiting

Can you think of any more?

23
Q

What is the concern if we insert the suction catheter too far into the semi-conscious patient’s oropharynx?

A
  • stimulation or triggering of the patient’s gag reflex
  • inducing vomiting
24
Q

When is inserting an oropharyngeal indicated?

(OPA)

A

In unresponsive patients (breathing or apneic) when their gag reflex is no longer intact.

25
# True or false. When measuring the appropriate size of an **oropharyngeal airway** for placement, we measure from the corner of the mouth to the tip of the earlobe.
True
26
# Describe: The measurement of a **nasopharyngeal airway**. | NPA
An NPA should be measured from the **tip of the patient's nose** to the **tip of their earlobe.**
27
When providing **positive pressure ventilation**, you notice the patient's dentures have come loose. Should you **continue to ventilate** or **remove the dentures** and then continue to ventilate? | PPV
**Remove the dentures** to prevent them from becoming an airway obstruction.
28
What type of **lubricant** is used when preparing a **nasopharyngeal airway** for insertion?
water-soluble lubricant
29
# True or false. The **BVM** should be hooked up to **15 LPMs** of oxygen (O2).
True
30
Upon inhalation, does the **diaphragm** contract or relax?
When inhaling, the diaphragm will **contract** to pull downward, **drawing air inward.**
31
# True or false. When applying a **Non-Rebreather Mask**, the mask should be prefilled with no less than **10 L/min**.
True ## Footnote If the non-rebreather mask is filled with less than 10 L/min, the reservoir bag will not fill appropriatly.
32
What is the **benefit** of cracking the valve on the oxygen (O2) tank prior to assembling the regulator/gauge?
To **blow out any lint or debris** that may obstruct the flow of oxygen (O2) through the regulator. ## Footnote For safety, when clearing the valve, point the opening away from anyone, including yourself.
33
What is the **oxygen (O2) flow rate** for a nasal cannula?
between **1 and 6 L/min**
34
List oxygen-delivery **devices**
* nasal cannula * non-rebreather mask * BVM with reservoir * mouth to mask * venturi mask
35
What does the presence of **cyanosis** indicate?
It indicates that the patient is suffering from **poor circulation and/or poor oxygenation.**
36
What does it mean if the patient is **apneic**?
It refers to the **absence of breathing**, meaning the patient is **not breathing**.
37
# Define: In reference to airway management, define **aspiration**.
It is vomitus, liquids, blood, or other foreign substances **entering the lungs**.
38
How much **supplemental oxygen (O2)** is administered when using a **non-rebreather mask**?
Up to **90%** O2 on inspiration.
39
How do we **prefill the reservoir bag** before we apply the mask to the patient?
**Place a gloved finger over the one-way valve** of the non-rebreather mask, and prefill the reservoir bag.
40
What is the **point** where the left and right mainstem bronchi **bifurcate**?
They bifurcate at the **carina**.
41
You are providing **positive pressure ventilation** (PPV) with a **bag-valve-mask** and are not getting any chest rise. What should you do? | BVM
We should **re-adjust and re-evaluate the airway** because there is non-compliance with PPV.
42
List **contraindications** for the application of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure. | CPAP
* The patient is apneic. * Signs and/or symptoms of chest trauma or a pneumothorax. * The patient is actively vomiting. * The patient cannot follow commands. * A patient with a tracheostomy.
43
If we are providing positive pressure ventilation (PPV) too aggressively with **too much oxygen** (O2), what will most likely **develop**, and what is the **concern**?
* **Gastric distention** will develop and cause an additional airway concern of **emesis/vomit**. * It may lead to **aspiration** when being too forceful and aggressive when providing PPV with a bag-valve-mask (BVM).
44
# Describe: Describe how to perform a **jaw-thrust** maneuver.
With a supine patient: * Place the head in the **in-line position**. * Place your fingers **behind** the angle of the jaw and lift, or **pull up with your fingers**. ## Footnote This technique will pull a relaxed tongue off the back of the pharynx.
45
What is the **amount of air** (in mLs) that we move in and out in one breath called?
tidal volume
46
When inserting a **nasopharyngeal airway** (NPA), where should the **bevel** be?
It should be placed **against the nasal septum** whether **right or left** nare insertion.
47
# True or false. The nasopharyngeal airway (NPA) will **hold the tongue** of the posterior aspect of the throat.
False ## Footnote A correctly placed NPA's tip will be seen posterior to the uvula. An oropharyngeal airway (OPA) will displace the tongue to allow for air to pass.
48
What **anatomy** separates the upper from the lower **airways**?
The **larynx** separates the upper and lower airways, and is protected by the **cricothyroid cartilage**.
49
# True or False Oxygen (O2) is a **prescribed** medication.
True
50
When providing **rescue breaths** for an adult, how often do we provide **ventilation**?
**One breath** (over one second) every **five to six** seconds.
51
# True or false. When placing a **nasal cannula** on a patient, it is best to have the **oxygen flow meter set**.
False ## Footnote Make certain the flow meter is off, apply the cannula, and then set the flow between 1 and 6 L/min.
52
What is the easiest way to quickly master your knowledge of airway management, respiration, and ventilation for **paramedic training**?
Brainscape's [EMT-P (1) Airway, Respiration, and Ventilation](https://www.brainscape.com/learn/nremt-paramedic?utm_source=crosslink&utm_medium=in-app&utm_campaign=in-app) Flashcards