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NREMT® EMT > Component 2: Patient Assessment > Flashcards

Component 2: Patient Assessment Flashcards

This deck will review history taking, assessment, vital signs, growth/development, anatomical terms.

1
Q

What is the term used when addressing newborns and what is their age grouping?

A

Newborns are commonly called neonates until they’ve aged to one month.

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2
Q

What is the term used when addressing children aging from 1 month to 1 year or 12 months of age?

A

Infant(s)

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3
Q

What is the age grouping for toddlers?

A

Toddlers range from 1 to 3 years of age.

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4
Q

What do we call children within the age group of 3 to 6 years?

A

Preschool age

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5
Q

The adolescent age group is considered to be from the ages 12 to 18 years. What is the age group preceding adolescents?

A

School-age (6 to 12 years old)

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6
Q

What is the term used when identifying with the age group of 41 to 60?

A

Middle adult

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7
Q

At what age group do the individual vital signs start to compare to adults?

A

Adolescent(s) (12 to 18 years old)

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8
Q

What age group has basic language skills?

A

3 to 4-year-old.

They will be talking and comprehending sentences and structure.

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9
Q

True or False

School-age children are most susceptible to peer pressure.

A

False

Adolescents are more susceptible, although they may be more susceptible at a younger age depending on the socialization of the child.

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10
Q

True or False

Adolescents will always provide truthful answers when being interviewed with their parents present.

A

False

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11
Q

Differentiate:

Pre-conventional reasoning, conventional reasoning, and post-conventional reasoning in school-age children.

A
  • Pre-conventional Reasoning​: the school-age child will act to prevent punishment or receive a reward.
  • Conventional Reasoning: the school-age child will look to approval from their peers and surroundings.
  • Post-conventional Reasoning: the school-age child will make choices based on their conscience.
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12
Q

In which age group does the psychosocial need to “settle down” set in?

A

Early Adults (19 to 40 years)

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13
Q

In what age group do the effects of menopause begin?

A

Middle Adults (41 to 60)

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14
Q

How often should vital signs be assessed for the unstable patient?

A

5 Minutes (and document them)

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15
Q

What is the term used for the first set of vital signs assessed?

A

Baseline Vitals

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16
Q

What are we evaluating after taking multiple sets of vital signs?

A

Patient Trending

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17
Q

Multiple Choice

When calculating a patient’s respiratory rate, we should:

A. Count the respirations for a minute.

B. Count the respirations for 30 seconds and multiple by two. (RR X 2 = RR per minute)

C. Count the respirations for 15 seconds and multiple by four. (RR X 4 = RR per minute)

D. All of the above.

A

D. All of the above are acceptable

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18
Q

List:

Six signs we evaluate when assessing breathing

A

Breathing Assessment

  • Presence of breathing
  • Respiratory rate
  • Rhythm, regular or irregular
  • Quality (difficulty/effort)
  • Depth of breathing
  • Lung sounds
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19
Q

What is bradypnea in adults?

A

Bradypnea is slow breathing. A respiratory rate below 12 breaths per minute.

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20
Q

What is the average pulse range for adults?

A

60 to 100 beats per minute.

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21
Q

List:

Pulse points

A

Pulse points:

  • Carotid
  • Radial
  • Femoral
  • Dorsal pedal/posterior tibial
  • Popliteal
  • Apical
  • Brachial
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22
Q

List:

Palpating pulse characteristics

A

Pulse characteristics

  • The presence of a pulse
  • Rate (slow, normal, fast)
  • Regularity (regular or irregular)
  • Quality (strong, weak, thready)
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23
Q

Fill in the blank(s)

Upon auscultating the patient’s lung sounds, you hear a low, course, rattle. This lung sound is known as ___________.

A

Rhonchi

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24
Q

Differentiate:

Systolic and Diastolic

A

Systolic: the pressure exerted against the vasculature during contraction.

Diastolic: the pressure exerted against the vasculature during relaxation.

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25
Q

Define:

Blood Pressure

A

Blood pressure is the presence of pressure exerted against the vasculature during cardiac cycles.

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26
Q

What is the name for a blood pressure cuff?

A

Sphygmomanometer

27
Q

True or False

An inappropriate-sized, or inaccurately placed blood pressure cuff will cause an inaccurate blood pressure reading.

A

True

28
Q

What decisions should be made after you have evaluated the patient’s level of consciousness, airway, breathing, circulation, and vital signs?

A

Stating a field impression of the patient and transport decision.

29
Q

When providing care for a patient suffering from multiple systems trauma, what type of history should we attempt to obtain?

A

SAMPLE history

30
Q

What does the acronym SAMPLE mean?

A

SAMPLE

S - Signs/Symptoms
A - Allergies
M - Medications
P - Past pertinent medical history
L - Last intake of food/drink. When appropriate, last menstrual cycle
E - Events leading up to the current situation/complaint

31
Q

When performing a physical assessment, what does the mnemonic DCAP - BTLS mean?

A

DCAP-BTLS

D - Deformity
C - Contusion(s)
A - Abrasion(s)
P - Puncture(s)/penitration(s)

B - Burn(s)
T - Tenderness
L - Laceration(s)
S - Swelling

32
Q

When assessing a patient’s pupils, what does the mnemonic PEARRL mean?

A

PEARRL

P - Pupils
E - Equal
A - And
R - Round
R - Regular in size
L - React to Light

33
Q

Define:

Anisocoria

A

Anisocoria means unequal pupils.

34
Q

Differentiate:

Sign(s) and Symptom(s)

A

Signs are something seen (diaphoresis, angulated fractures, etc…)

Symptoms are patient complaints (“I have chest pain.” “My belly hurts.” etc…)

35
Q

What does the mnemonic AVPU stand for and when is it used?

A

AVPU is applied when assessing the patient’s level of consciousness.

A - Alert
V - Verbal
P - Pain
U - Unresponsive/unconscious

  1. Patient replies and appears alert. If not,
  2. We attempt a loud verbal stimulus. If no reply or patient does not awake,
  3. We apply painful stimuli, and if there is still no response,
  4. The patient is considered unresponsive/unconscious.
36
Q

List:

What are the five steps included in the scene size-up?

A

Scene Size-Up

  1. Determines scene/situation is safe.
  2. Determines the mechanism of injury/nature of illness.
  3. Determines the number of patients.
  4. Requests additional EMS assistance if necessary.
  5. Considers stabilization of the cervical spine.
37
Q

What does the letter “R” stand for in the OPQRST mnemonic?

A

Radiation

“Does your pain/discomfort move or go anywhere?”

38
Q

What question is frequently asked when assessing the patient’s severity of pain or discomfort?

A

“On a scale of 1 to 10, one being no or very little pain and ten being the worst pain or discomfort you have ever experienced, what number would you rate your pain at?” (OPQRST)

39
Q

True or False

After providing medication or treatment for your patient, it is imperative to reassess.

A

True

40
Q

Fill in the blank(s)

According to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), a score of _______ or less indicates the patient’s body is severely dysfunctional.

A

A GCS score of 8 or less indicates severe bodily disfunction.

41
Q

List:

What are four common assessments for assessing a patient’s neurovascular system?

A

Neurovascular System Assessments:

  • Distal pulse
  • Capillary refill
  • Sensation
  • Motor function
42
Q

Describe:

Subcutaneous Emphysema

A

Subcutaneous emphysema is when air leaks underneath the skin and upon palpation, feels like “rice crispies” crackling.

43
Q

True or False

The patient is complaining of abdominal pain. Upon palpation of the abdomen, we should start over the quadrant that the patient’s complaint is in.

A

False

44
Q

What do the following abbreviations stand for?

LUQ
RUQ
LLQ
RLQ

A
  • LUQ - Left Upper Quadrant
  • RUQ - Right Upper Quadrant
  • LLQ - Left Lower Quadrant
  • RLQ - Right Lower Quadrant
45
Q

List:

Signs of dyspnea/difficulty breathing

A

Signs of dyspnea/difficulty breathing:

  • Cyanosis
  • Tripod position
  • Accessory muscle use/retractions
  • Altered mentation
  • Diaphoresis
  • Altered respiratory patterns/rate
  • Decrease tidal volume
46
Q

At what angle should the patient be seated when assessing for jugular venous distention (JVD)?

A

450 (Semi-Fowlers).

47
Q

What is the term for the position this body is in?

A

Prone

48
Q

What is the term for the position the image of the body is in?

A

Left Lateral Recumbent, also called the Recovery Position.

49
Q

What gaseous waste or bi-product is exhaled during expiration?

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

50
Q

Define:

Cyanosis

A

Cyanosis is the bluish-gray skin discoloration that results from too little oxygen (O2) circulating in the blood. It can be seen on nail beds, circumoral, and the conjunctiva.

51
Q

Describe:

Diaphoresis

A

Diaphoresis is when the patient presents with excessive sweating.

52
Q

What is an injury called that prevents a patient from feeling or noticing any other injuries, possibly ones that are more critical?

A

Distracting Injury

53
Q

What is being assessed when we are performing a focused assessment?

A

Focused Assessment is when we focus our attention on the patient’s chief complaint, single body part, or system.

54
Q

Differentiate:

Hypothermia vs. Hyperthermia

A

Hypothermia occurs when the body is exposed to cold and you lose more heat than the body can produce. Typically a core body temperature below 950 F. (350 C).

Hyperthermia occurs when the body is exposed to heat and starts to lose its cooling mechanisms. Typically a core body temperature above 1040F (400C).

55
Q

Describe:

Jaundice and what is the cause?

A

Jaundice is yellow skin and/or sclera discoloration caused by decreased or damaged liver function.

56
Q

During your General Impression of the patient, you note that they are seated in a tripod position and using accessory muscles. What information can you take away from this patient presentation?

A

The patient is having difficulty and/or labored breathing.

57
Q

Define:

Palpate

A

To palpate is to perform a physical assessment by touch (hands-on).

58
Q

What do the acronyms MOI and NOI stand for?

A

MOI: Mechanism of Injury
NOI: Nature of Illness

59
Q

What are negative findings that require no interventions or treatment called?

A

Pertinent Negatives

Example: Asking a patient complaining of chest pain if they are nauseous.

60
Q

What is an assessment tool we use to measure the oxygen (O2) of hemoglobin called?

A

Pulse Oximetry

61
Q

What action is to be done before performing a Scene Size-Up?

A

Consider or don the appropriate (Personal Protective Equipment) PPE precautions.

62
Q

True or False

Performing a physical or secondary assessment on a patient before accessing their airway, breathing, and circulation (ABC’s Primary Assessment) is medically acceptable.

A

False

The primary assessment (ABCs) is considered as critical assessment in providing patient care.

63
Q

True or False

Every trauma patient is a medical patient, and every medical patient is a trauma patient until determined otherwise.

A

True

NREMT® EMT (10 decks)

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