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Complications in pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a miscarriafe?

A

Before 24 weeks gestation

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2
Q

What is an abortion?

A

Voluntary termination

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3
Q

What are the types of spontaneous miscarriage?

A
  • Threatened
  • Inevitable
  • Incomplete
  • Complete
  • Septic
  • Missed
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4
Q

What is a threatened miscarriage?

A

Refers to bleeding from the gravid uterus before 24 weeks gestation when there is a viable fetus and no evidence of cervical dilatation

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5
Q

When does a miscarriage become inevitable?

A

If the cervix has already begun to dilate

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6
Q

What is an incomplete miscarriage?

A

Partial expulsion of the products of conception this is referred to as an incomplete miscarriage whilst complete expulsion of the products of conception is referred to as a complete miscarriage.

Most of pregnancy expelled out, some products of pregnancy remaining in the uterus

open cervix, vaginal bleeding (may be heavy)

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7
Q

What can an incomplete miscarriage lead to?

A

A risk of ascending infection into the uterus which can spread throughout the pelvis and this is known as a septic abortion.

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8
Q

What is a threatened miscarriage?

A

Vaginal bleeding+/- pain

Viable pregnancy

Closed cervix on speculum examination

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9
Q

What is an inevitable miscarriage?

A

Viable pregnancy

Open cervix with bleeding

that could be heavy (+/-clots)

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10
Q

What is a missed miscarriage?

A

No symptoms, or could have bleeding/ brown loss vaginally

Gestational sac seen on scan

No clear fetus (empty gestational sac) or a fetal pole with no fetal heart seen in the gestational sac

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11
Q

What is a complete miscarriage?

A

Passed all products of conception (POC), cervix closed and bleeding has stopped (should ideally have confirmed the POC or should have had a scan previously that confirmed an intrauterine pregnancy)

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12
Q

When does a septic miscarriage especially occur?

A

Especially in case of an incomplete miscarriage

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13
Q

What is the aetiology of spontaneous miscarriage?

A

Abnormal conceptus: Chromosomal, genetic and structural

Uterine abnormality: Congenital and fibroids

Cervical incompetence: Primary and secondary

Maternal: Increasing age and diabetes

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14
Q

What is the management of a threatened miscarriage?

A

Conservative ‘just wait’- Most stop bleeding and are okay

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15
Q

What is the management of inevitable miscarriage?

A

If bleeding heavy may need evacuation

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16
Q

What is the management of missed miscarriage?

A

Conservative

Medical- Postaglandins (misoprostol)

Surgical- SMM (Surgical management of miscarriage)

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17
Q

What is the management of septic miscarriage?

A

Antibiotics and evacuated uterus

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18
Q

What is ectopic pregnancy?

A

Pregnancy implanted outside the uterus

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19
Q

What are the different types of ectopic pregnancy?

A
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20
Q

What is the incidence of an ectopic pregnancy?

A

Around 1:90 pregnancies

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21
Q

What are the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy?

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Previous tubal surgery

Previous ectopic

Assisted conception

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22
Q

What is the presentation of ectopic pregnancy?

A

Period of ammenorhoea with positive urine pregnancy test

Maybe vaginal bleeding

Maybe pain abdomen

Maybe GI or uirnary symptoms

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23
Q

What are investigations for ectopic pregnancy?

A
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24
Q

What is the management of ectopic pregnancy?

A
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25
What is antepartum haemorrhage?
26
What are the causes of antephartum haemorrhage?
27
What is placenta praevia?
28
What is the incidence of placenta praevia?
1/200 pregnancies
29
What is placenta praevia more common in?
30
What is the classification of placenta praevia?
31
What are the different
32
What is the presentation of placenta praevia?
Painless PV bleeding Malpresentation of the fetus Incidental
33
What are the clinical features of placenta praevia?
34
How is the diagnosis of placenta praevia done?
US scan to locate placental site
35
What should not be done in a patient with suspected placenta praevia?
Vaginal examination
36
What is the management of placenta praevia?
37
What is the management of placenta praevia?
38
What is placental abruption?
39
What are the factors associated with placental abruption?
40
What are the types of placental abruption?
41
What is the presentation of placenta praevia?
42
What are the images classifications of abruption placentae?
43
What is the management of APH?
44
What are the complications of placental abruption?
45
What is preterm labour?
46
What is the incidence of preterm labour?
47
What are the predisposing factors of preterm labour?
48
What is the management of preterm delivery?
49
What is the management of preterm delivery?
50
What are some neonatal morbitidty resulting from prematurity?
51
What are some pregnancy complications?
52
What is chronic hypertension?
53
What is gestational hypertension?
54
What is pre-eclampsia?
55
What are the types of significant proteinuria?
56
Who is chronic hypertension commoner in?
Older mothers
57
What are some pre pregnancy care solutions for chornic hypertension?
58
WHat is the aim for BP in chronic hypertension?
59
What should be monitored in chronic hypertension?
60
What is the definition of pre eclampsia?
61
What is the pathophysiology of pre eclampsia?
62
What are the risks for developing for pre eclampsia?
63
What are the maternal complications of pre eclampsia?
64
What are the fetal complications of pre eclampsia?
65
What are the symptoms/signs of severe PET?
66
What are the biochemical abnormalities of severe PET?
67
What are the haematological abnormlaities of severe PET?
68
What is the management of severe PET
69
What are the conservative managements of severe PET?
70
What is the treatment of seizures?
71
What is the prophylaxis for PET in subsequent pregnancy?
72
What can happen in gestational diabetes?
73
What happens to the mother with diabetes in pregnancy?
74
What can happen to the fetus in diabetes and pregnancy?
75
What does diabetes on mother, fetus and neonate increase risk of?
76
What are the complications of diabetes during pregnancy?
77
What is the management of diabetes in pregnancy?
78
What is important during pregnancy when the mother has diabetes?
79
What is the management of diabetes during pregnancy?
80
What are the risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus?
81
What is gestational diabetes mellitus assocated with?
82
What is gestational diabetes increased with?

Reproductive System (88 decks)

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