Competency 001 Flashcards
What does language acquisition result from?
The combination of innate ability, imitation of what is said and heard, and multiple environmental influences
What is LAD?
Language Acquisition Device
Imitation.
A learning strategy that young children frequently use to replicate someone’s behavior, actions, phrases, etc.
What is the main purpose of language?
Communication
What are the 6 basic components of a language?
Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Lexicon, Semantics, Pragmatics
Phonology.
The study of the sound system of a language
Phonemes.
The basic unit of sound
Graphemes.
Individual letters that represent phonemes
Morphology.
The study of the structure of words and word formations
Morphemes.
The smallest representation of meaning
Syntax.
Entails the ways in which words are organized and arranged in a language
Kernel Sentences.
Basic sentence structures (noun+intransitive verb+predicate nominative)
Lexicon.
The vocabulary of a language
Semantics.
The way that meaning is conveyed in a language though the use of its vocabulary
Connotation.
The implied meaning of words and ideas
Denotation.
The literal meaning of words and ideas
Pragmatics.
Describes how context can affect the interpretation of communication; describes the hidden rules of communication understood by native speakers of the same language
What are the stages of language development?
Babbling/Pre-Language; Holophrastic One-Word; Two-Word; Telegraphic
Babbling/Pre-Language Stage
0-6 months; use crying to communicate; make babbling sounds; can identify family members’ voices; follow certain commands; begin to understand hearing anger/excitement and question patterns
Holophrastic One-Word Stage
11-19 months; recognize name; follow simple tasks when shown; pointing; asking for help; understands and use word concepts
Two-Word Stage
13-24 months; being using phrases; use pivot or open words
Pivot Words
Words that can be used to accomplish multiple functions (i.e. no, up, all, see, more, gone)
Open Words
Words that are generally used to refer to one concept (i.e. home, milk, doggy, juice, pants, shoe)
Telegraphic Stage
18-27 months; language development goes beyond 2 word phrases; ie: milk all gone
Content Words
Have high semantic value that can be used in multiple situations
Function Words
Prepositions and articles; very limited at telegraphic stage
Age 2-3 Language Development
200-300 words-grows to 900-1000 by age 3; produce short sentences
Age 4 Language Development
1500 words; use more complex sentences; pronunciation and overgeneralization problems
Age 5 Language Development
2100 words; working knowledge of grammar; most have mastered (-ing) and (-ed)
Age 6-7 Language Development
Speaking vocab of 2100 and comprehensive vocab of 20,000+; can separate syllables, begin decoding written language
Age 8-12 Language Development
Use of relative pronouns (8); gerunds (9); and roots/prefixes/suffixes (10-12) are used
How does language interference occur?
1) when students use the phonology of their first language to pronounce words in English (most noticeable); 2) application of incorrect word stress
What is curvilinear style?
Style of communication that allows speakers the option of deviating from the main topic without repercussion
What is the Texas Observation Protocol (TOP)?
An instrument that was designed to assess the language proficiency of ELLs in Texas; speaking component and observational tool
When do communication occurs?
When a person’s speech interferes with his/her ability to convey messages during interactions with community members
What are the four types of communication disorders?
Voice, Fluency, Articulation, Language Processing
Phonation Disorder
Voice disorder; describes any kind of abnormality in the vibration of the vocal fold; i.e. hoarseness
Resonance Disorder
Voice Disorder; describes abnormalities created when sound passes through the vocal tract; i.e. nasal sounding
Voice Disorders
Any type of distortion of the pitch, timbre, or volume of spoken communication; Phonation and Resonance
Fluency Disorders
Any kind of condition that affects the child’s ability to produce coherent and fluent communication; Stuttering and Cluttering
Stuttering
Multiple false starts or the inability to produce the intended sound
Cluttering
When children try to communicate in an excessively fast mode that makes comprehension difficult
Lisping
Articulation Problem; most common; occurs when children produce the sound /s/, /sh/, /z/, and /ch/ with their tongue between the upper and lower teeth
Language Processing Disorders
Generally caused by a brain-based disturbance called aphasia
What are the three types of aphasia?
Receptive, Expressive, and Global
Receptive Aphasia
“Sensory aphasia”; results from a lesion to a region in the upper back part of the temporal lobe of the brain
Expressive Aphasia
Results from damage to the lower back part of the frontal lobe
Global Aphasia
Brain-based disorder that affects both the receptive and expressive features of language
What are some activities that promote communication?
Dramatic Play, Language Play, Show-and-Tell, Puppet Show, Pair Interview, Presentations
