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HSF > Compendium 9 - How does it all work > Flashcards

Compendium 9 - How does it all work Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 regions of the spinal cord and what spinal nerves can be found in each

A

cervical (C1-8), Thoracic (T1-12), Lumbar (L1-5), Sacral (S1-5), Coccygeal (Co)

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2
Q

what are the names of the enlargements of the spinal cord and where do the supple

A

cervical - supplies arms
Lumbo-sacral - supplies legs

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3
Q

what is the conus medullaris

A

the pointy end of the spinal cord ending at L2

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4
Q

what is the cauda equina

A

roots of the spinal nerves (branching from lumbosacral enlargement)

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5
Q

what are 3 functions of the meninges

A
  • protects CNS and it’s blood vessels
  • harbours cerebrospinal fluid
  • forms partitions in the skull
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6
Q

what is in the subdural and subarachnoid space

A

subdural space contains serous fluid
subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid and blood vessels

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7
Q

what structures surround each part of a nerve fibre

A

endoneurium- surrounds each axon
perineurium- surrounds a group of axons (nerve fascicle)
epineurium- surrounds multiple nerve fascicles as well as loose CT, arteries, veins, adipose tissue

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8
Q

where do the spinal nerves originate from in relation to their vertebrae

A

C1 to C7 nerve originate above the vertebrae
C8 nerve is between C7 and T1
T1 to the end originate below the vertebrae

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9
Q

what are the 3 main subsections of the brain and what do they consist of

A
  • Forbrain: cerebrum and Diencephalon
  • Midbrain
  • Hindbrain: Pons, Medulla oblongata and cerebellum

(midbrain and hindbrain make the brainstem)

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10
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata

A
  • control homeostasis
  • cardiovascular centre
  • respiratory centre
  • swallowing, hiccuping, vomiting, coughing, sneezing
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11
Q

what is the function of the pons

A
  • contains longitudinal (sc to higher brain) and transverse (cerebrum and cerebellum) conduction tracts
  • sleep centre
  • respiratory centre
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12
Q

what is the function of the Midbrain

A
  • eye movement
  • reflex movement of the eyes, head and body
  • reviences visual, auditory and tactile sensory input
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13
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A
  • controls locomotion (coordination and smooth movement)
  • fine motor control
  • posture and balance
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14
Q

what is the structure of the diencephalon

A
  • epithalamus
  • thalamus
  • subthalamus
  • hypothalamus
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15
Q

what are the functions of the hypothalamus(1+9)

A
  • maintains homeostasis
  • regulates heart rate, sex drive/ pleasure, mood, motivation, digestive activities, emotions, body temperature, swallowing, sleep wake cycle
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16
Q

what are 3 structures of the cerebrum

A

Gyri - elevated tissue
Sulci - grooves between gyri
Fissures - deep grooves

17
Q

what is the role of the precentral gyrus

A

primary somatic motor cortex (mainly coordination of hands and fingers)

18
Q

what is the role of the postcentral gyrus

A

primary somatic sensory cortex (receives somatic informations and processes pain, pressure and temperature)

19
Q

what is the role of the frontal lobe

A
  • voluntary motor functions
  • motivation
  • planning
  • aggression
  • sense of smell
  • regulation of behaviour and mood
20
Q

what is the role of the parietal lobe

A

receives sensory input

21
Q

what is the role of the occipital lobe

A

receives and processes visual input

22
Q

what is the role of the temporal lobe

A

hearing and memory

23
Q

what is the role of the insula lobe

A

receive and process taste information

24
Q

what fibres are in the corpus callosum

A

commissural fibres

25
Q

what structures make up the limbic system

A

border of the corpus callosum and the diencephalon

26
Q

what is the role of the limbic system

A
  • memory - developing neural pathways
  • control and expression of emotions
27
Q

what are the 2 layers of the Dura Mater and how do the interact

A

Periosteal Dura- inner surface of the brainy scull
Meningeal Dura- continuous with dura mater of the spinal cord

in most places they are fused, but in some parts there is a gap called the dural venous sinus.

28
Q

what is in the dural venous sinus

A

it contains veins that collect the blood that has nourished the brain and return it to the heart

29
Q

what are dural folds and what is the name of the fold between the hemispheres

A

folds of the dura mater that stop excessive movement of the brain
the fold between the hemispheres is called the Falx Cerebri

30
Q

what are the ventricles in the brain

A

Lateral ventricles (1 and 2)
3rd ventricle (bird)
4th ventricle (brainstem)

31
Q

where is most Cerebrospinal fluid produced

A

produced in the ventricles by choroid plexus (a group of blood vessels and specialised ependymal cells)

32
Q

what is the composition of CSF

A

it is similar to blood plasma, but has less proteins and different ion concentrations

33
Q

how many cranial nerves are there and what types of functions can they have

A
  • 12 pairs (named with roman numerals)
  • can have sensory, motor and parasympathetic function
34
Q

what are the divisions of the nervous system

A

CNS + PNS
|
Sensory + Motor
|
somatic + autonomic
|
sympathetic + parasympathetic

35
Q

where are neuron bodies for the autonomic nervous system found
and ganglia (postganglionic neuron)

A

lateral horn of grey matter in spinal cord

36
Q

where do parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions originate in the spinal cord

A

sympathetic = T1 to L2
parasympathetic = S2 to S4 + cranial nerves

37
Q

what influence does the Spinal Cord and Brain stem have on Autonomic function

A

Spinal cord = defecation, urination, ejaculation, erection

Brain stem= pupil size, tear production, salivation, coughing, swallowing, digestive activities, heart rate, respiration

38
Q

What influence does the Hypothalamus and Cerebrum + limbic system have on Autonomic function

A

Hypothalamus = ANS integration centre, body temp

Cerebrum + limbic system = thoughts and feelings that influence ANS functions (via hypothalamus)

HSF (12 decks)

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