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HSF > Compendium 6 - How do things get around the body > Flashcards

Compendium 6 - How do things get around the body Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • transport
  • protection
  • regulation
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2
Q

what does the cardiovascular system transport?

A

gases, nutrients, metabolic waste, (regulatory molecules, processed molecules)

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3
Q

What does the cardiovascular system regulate?(5)

A

fluid balance, pH, Body temp, Blood pressure, Exchange between blood and extracellular fluid and cells.

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4
Q

What are four features of the heart function

A
  • it is a pump that generates pressure
  • it routes blood (separates pulmonary and systemic circulation)
  • maintains one way flow
  • regulates supply
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5
Q

Where is the heart positioned and what protects it

A

it is positioned obliquely in the mediastinum in the thoracic cavity
it is protected by the rib cage, pericardial membranes and fluids

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6
Q

what is the structure and role of the fibrous pericardium

A

tough and dense connective tissue that prevents distention and anchors

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7
Q

what are the sulci on the heart

A

coronary - splits right atrium and right ventricle
Anterior interventricular - splits ventricles on anterior side
Posterior interventricular - splits ventricles on posterior side

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8
Q

where can you find Pericardial fat and epicardial fat

A

Pericardial fat - between visceral and parietal pericardium
Epicardial fat - between outer layer of myocardium and Epicardium (visceral layer of pericardium)

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9
Q

What are the names of the 3 layers of tissue that make up the heart (innermost to outermost) and what are they made of?

A

Endocardium - lines inner surface of chambers and valves, made of simple squamous epithelium

Myocardium - thick muscular layer, made of cardiac muscle cells

Epicardium - serous membrane lining outside of heart, made of simple squamous (also known as visceral pericardium)

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10
Q

What are pectinate muscles and what’s their role

A
  • muscular ridges in walls of atria that allow for stretching
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11
Q

What are Trabeculae Carnae and what’s their role

A

muscle ridges in walls of ventricles that create turbulence in the blood

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12
Q

what are auricles and where are they found

A

they are extensions to increase volume that are found in the atria

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13
Q

what part of the heart forms the apex (most posterior and inferior)

A

left ventricle

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14
Q

what part of the heart forms the base

A

left atrium

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15
Q

what is the thickest walled chamber in the heart

A

Left ventricle

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16
Q

what causes valves to open and close

A

changes in pressure in the chambers

17
Q

what structures prevent valves from prolabs / bulging into atria

A

papillary muscles and chordae tendinae

18
Q

what are the 3 paths of circulation of blood from the heart

A

pulmonary - to lungs and back
systemic - around the body
coronary - supplies the heart

19
Q

what are the 2 stages in the cardiac cycle

A

systole (contraction)
diastole (relaxation)

20
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output

A

heart rate x stroke volume

21
Q

what is the role of nervous and hormonal control of the cardiac system

A

nervous - maintains blood pressure and volume and reroutes blood
hormonal - epinephrine increases heart rate, stroke volume, vasoconstriction (in response to stress)

22
Q

what makes up the cardiac conducting system

A

internal pacemaker and nerve like pathways in the myocardium.

23
Q

outline the path of an action potential in the heart

A

Sinoatrial node - along atrium walls and into Atrioventricular node - travels along Atrioventricular bundles to the apex of each ventricle - along the right and left bundle branches - Purkinje fibres in ventricular walls

24
Q

what are the 2 mains divisions of blood composition and at what percent,
What makes up blood plasma

A

55% plasma - 7% proteins
- 91% water
- 2% other solutes
45% Formed elements

25
Q

how does carbon dioxide move in the blood

A

23% attached to haemoglobin
7% in plasma
70% bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

26
Q

what is the size and features of Erythrocytes

A

7.5um, biconcave disk, no nucleus or organelles

27
Q

what are the features of a cross section of an artery

A

round lumen, with thick walls, elastic and muscular

28
Q

what are the features of a cross section of a vein

A

flat lumen, thinner walls, less elastic tissue and smooth muscles, valves

29
Q

What layers make up a blood vessel from innermost to outermost and what is contained in each of them

A
  • Tunica intima (internal) - endothelium
    - basement membrane
    - lamina propria
    - elastic membrane (internal)
  • Tunica media - Smooth muscle
    - Elastic membrane (external)
  • Tunica externa - connective tissue
30
Q

what layers make up the wall structure of capillaries

A
  • endothelium
  • basement membrane
  • loose connective tissue
31
Q

what are the 3 types of capillaries

A

continuous - no gaps between endothelial cells, less permeable to large molecules (eg. muscle and nervous tissue)

fenestrated - have fenestrae (pores in endothelium), highly permeable (eg intestinal villi)

sinusoidal - large diameter, irregular and incomplete wall of endothelium, less basement membrane. (eg. endocrine glands)

32
Q

how do lipid and water soluble substances move in and out of capillaries

A

lipid soluble - diffuse through membrane of endothelial cells
water soluble - diffuse through intracellular spaces (through fenestrae)

33
Q

what are the formed elements in blood and how many are there of each (per cubic mm)

A

platelets = 250-400 thousand
RBCs = 4.2-6.2 million
WBCs= 5-10 thousand

34
Q

what percent of each type of WBC are there

A

Neutrophils = 60 to 70%
Lymphocytes = 20 to 25%
monocytes = 3 to 8%
eosinophils = 2 to 4%
basophils = 0.5 to 1%

35
Q

what percent of oxygen in the blood is attached to haemoglobin

A

98.5%

HSF (12 decks)

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