Compendium 5 - moving substances into the cell and ATP synthesis

Question 1

what 3 factors affect whether a substance can diffuse straight into a cell

Answer 1

1. solubility in lipids
2. size
3. is it moving against and along conc. gradient

Question 2

what are the 3 types of passive transport and what type of molecule would undergo this transport

Answer 2

1. diffusion through bilayer - gases, small alcohols, lipids, urea
2. diffusion through ion channel - small ions, water,
3. facilitated diffusion using a carrier protein - glucose (in) and fructose (out)

Question 3

what is primary and secondary active transport

Answer 3

primary - energy derived directly from ATP
secondary - using a cotransport (eg. Na+ really wants to get into the cell and it drags glucose with it against glucose’s concentration gradient)

Question 4

what are the 2 types of secondary active transport

Answer 4

symporters - both travel in same direction
antiporters - travel in opposite directions

Question 5

what are the 3 types of Endocytosis and what are they each used for

Answer 5

pinocytosis - engulfing small particles and fluids
phagocytosis - engulfing large particles
receptor mediated endocytosis - moving specific substances into the cell, in the caveolae regions (membrane able to form vesicles)

Question 6

what is the driving force for osmosis

Answer 6

solute concentration - water movement from low solute concentration to high solute concentration

Question 7

what are the products from ONE glucose molecule at the end of glycolysis

Answer 7

2x pyruvate
4x ATP
2x NADH

Question 8

what has to happen between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle and what is produced

Answer 8

for the pyruvate to enter the mitochondria it must turn into acetyl Coenzyme A, which produces 1 NADH and 1 CO2 per pyruvate molecule

Question 9

what are the overall (from both pyruvates) products produced from the citric acid cycle

Answer 9

2x ATP
6x NADH
2x FADH2

Question 10

how is a proton gradient created and what is it used for

Answer 10

it is produced when electrons are taken from the NADH and FADH2 molecules and given to the proteins in the membrane and the H+ ions that are released are moved into the intermembrane space with the energy produced by the movement of the electrons.

it is used to create a concentration gradient so they can move back into the cell through the ATP synthase protein to produce ATP.

Question 11

what is the final electron acceptor and what does it produce

Answer 11

O2 finally accepts the electrons and forms water