Compendium 2 - How do cells do what they do? Flashcards
what are the 4 general functions of a cell
- Cell Metabolism + energy use
- Synthesis of molecules
- Communication
- Reproduction
What is the Structure (3) and Function (4) of the Plasma Membrane
Structure: a fluid mosaic model containing:
- phospholipid bilayer
- carbohydrates
- proteins
Function:
- enclose and support cellular content
- controls what moves in and out
- communicate with other cells ( with receptors )
- produces a membrane potential
what is the glycocalyx, and what is its structure and function?
it is the outer surface of a cell’s membrane
Structure:
it contains glycoproteins, glycolipids and carbohydrates
Function: prevents the entry of pathogens, strengthens the cell, adherence to other cells, signal reception between the cell and its environment
what are the 2 main parts of cytosol (in cytoplasm) and what are their roles.
- Cytoplasmic Inclusions:
aggregates of chemicals, either made in the cell (eg. melanin) or transported into the cell (eg. glycogen) - Cytoskeleton:
made of; microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, that support the cell and it’s organelles. (and are responsible for shape change of the cell
What is the structure and function of the Nucleus
Structure:
- nucleolus
- nuclear envelope containing nuclear pores
- nucleoplasm
Function
- contains DNA ( which is stored as chromatin )
- nucleolus primarily makes ribosomes
What is the structure and function of Ribosomes
Structure:
- made of 2 subunits (1 large and 1 small)
- free floating or attached to ER
Function:
- site of protein synthesis (from Amino Acids)
What is the structure and function of the Rough ER
Structure:
continuous, fattened, interconnecting sacs and tubules
Function:
synthesis (ribosomes) and modification of proteins
What is the structure and function (3) of the Smooth ER
Structure:
continuous, fattened, interconnecting sacs and tubules
Function:
- lipid/ steroid/ carbohydrate synthesis
- detoxification of harmful substances eg. drugs
- break down glycogen into glucose
What is the structure and function of the Golgi Apparatus
Structure:
a stack of flattened cisternae and associated vesicles
Function:
- take proteins and lipids made by the ER and package, modify and distribute (either secretion or internal use)
What is the function of a lysosome
To fuse with vesicles containing unwanted molecules, so the enzyme within the lysosome can digest the waste product.
What is the structure (6) and function of the mitochondria
Structure:
- outer membrane
- inter-membrane
- inner membrane (folded)
- matrix (space between folds)
- ribosomes on inner folds
- DNA (in matrix)
Function:
-site of ATP synthesis
What is the structure (4) and function (2) of the Centrioles
Structure:
- barrel shaped
- perpendicular to each other
- composed of microtubules
- found in the centrosome of the cell
Function:
- use in cell division
- produce mitotic spindles
What is the structure and function of the Cilia and where in the body are they found
Structure:
- a motile extensions of the cell membrane
Function:
- move substances across the surface of the cell
eg. Found in the respiratory tract and fallopian tubes
What is the structure and function of the Flagella and where it is found in humans
Structure: a single long motile projection from the cell
Function: to move the cell
Found ONLY on male sperm cells
What is the structure and function of the Microvilli
Structure:
- small non-motile extension of the cell membrane
Function:
- increase surface area of the cell for absorption
What are the 5 steps preparing a tissue sample to view under a microscope.
- removal of tissue - biopsy or autopsy
- Fixation of the tissue - to preserve from decay (eg. freezing)
- Embedding the tissue - into a hard structure (eg. wax or something frozen)
- Slicing and mounting
- Staining and viewing - haematoxylin and Eosin
What two things must you consider when viewing a histological sample
- the plane the tissue has been cut in
- the magnification of the image
What are the 4 Primary Tissues
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
What are the 3 surfaces in Epithelial tissue
- free surface
- lateral surface ( cells joined together)
- Basal surface / basement membrane / Basal lamina
What is the composition and role of the basal surface
it is composed of proteins made by epithelial cells
it attaches epithelial tissue to connective tissue
Does Epithelial tissue have a blood supply? What is the word to describe this?
NO it is AVASCULAR, substances must diffuse through basal surface
Does Epithelial tissue have a nerve supply? What is the word for this?
Yes, it is innervated
What are the names describing the arrangement of cells in Epithelial tissue
1 layer = simple
2 layers = stratified
1 non uniform layer that looks like multiple layers = pseudostratified
What are the names describing the shape of Epithelial tissue
squamous - oval shaped cell with a central, oval shaped nucleus
cuboidal - square shaped cell with a central, circular nucleus
columnar - vertically rectangle shape with an vertically oval nucleus that lies towards the bottom the the cell
- transitional - changes shape depending on volume of liquid
