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Human Structure and Function Semester 1. > Compendium 8 / 9. The Nervous System > Flashcards

Compendium 8 / 9. The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 structural divisions of the nervous system?

A
  1. The CNS

2. The PNS

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2
Q

What are the 3 functional divisions of the nervous system?

A
  • Autonomic
  • Somatic
  • Enteric
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3
Q

What are the roles of afferent nerves?

A

Also known as sensory

To take information TO the CNS.

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4
Q

What are the roles of efferent nerves?

A

Also known as motor

To take information AWAY from the CNS

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5
Q

Explain the pathway of an afferent neuron

A
  1. A sensory receptor picks up a stimulus
  2. The afferent neuron ends in the CNS (spinal cord)
  3. The cell bodies reside in the dorsal root ganglion
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6
Q

Explain the pathways of efferent neurons

A

Autonomic :

  1. The first motor neuron takes the nerve impulse from the CNS (via the ventral root) to the autonomic ganglion.
  2. The impulse transfers to the second motor neuron in the autonomic ganglion.
  3. The impulse is then taken to the effector organ by the second motor neuron.

Motor :
1. The nerve impulse is taken straight from the CNS to the effector organ via the ventral root.

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7
Q

Define plexus

A

An extensive network of cell bodies or axons.

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8
Q

What are synaptic knobs?

A

The small baubles on the end of the synaptic terminals.

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9
Q

What are the 3 structural classifications of neurons?

A
  1. Multipolar
    - A single axon
    - Many dendrites
  2. Bipolar
    - A single axon
    - A single dendrite from the cell body
    - Extremely rare
  3. Unipolar
    - The cell body is positioned to the side of the axon
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10
Q

What are the 4 types of neuroglia cells?

A
  • Astrocytes : Allow for communication for blood vessels and neurons and create a barrier around injured cells
  • Ependymal cells : Cilia allow for the movement of CSF
  • Microglia : Monitor and protect surrounding neurons
  • Oligodendrocytes : Form the myelin sheath around axons
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11
Q

What are the 2 types of cells found in the PNS?

A
  • Schwann cells/neurolemmocytes : Make up the myelin sheath around axons
  • Satellite cells : Provide support and nutrition
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12
Q

What is a membrane potential?

A

The difference of charge across the cell membrane

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13
Q

What are non-gated ion channels also referred to as?

A

leak channels

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14
Q

Are there more non-gated channels for potassium or sodium?

A

potassium

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of gated ion channels?

A
  1. Ligand-gated ion channels - opens when a ligand such as a hormone binds to them.
  2. Voltage-gated ion channels - opens when an electrical current passes through the membrane
  3. Other-gated ion channels - opens when there is change of temperature or pressure
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16
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

When the in intracellular fluid of a cell is more negative compared to the extracellular fluid

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17
Q

What is depolarisation?

A

When the membrane potential suddenly becomes more positive

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18
Q

What is hyperpolarisation?

A

When the membrane potential becomes more negative

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19
Q

What is repolarisation?

A

When the membrane potential returns to normal.

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20
Q

What are graded potentials?

A
  • Short lived, localised changes in a membrane potential

- They can lead to action potentials

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21
Q

What is the all-or-nothing principle?

A

The graded potential must be strong enough to surpass the threshold

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22
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

When a particular part of the cell membrane is engaged with an impulse and cannot take on another impulse.

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23
Q

What are the 2 different types of synapses?

A
  1. The electrical synapse - the current jumps between synapses
  2. The chemical synapses - chemicals act as carriers
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24
Q

How are neurotransmitters removed?

A
  • They are broken down by enzymes

- Re-absorbed back into presynaptic terminal

25
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Automatic responses to a stimulus

26
Q

What are the 5 components that make up a reflex?

A
  1. A sensory receptor
  2. A sensory neuron
  3. A interneuron
  4. A motor neuron
  5. A effector organ
27
Q

What are the 5 regions of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
  5. Coccygeal
28
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

29
Q

How many vertebral bones are there?

A

30

30
Q

What are the meninges?

A

The connective tissue covering the spinal cord and brain

31
Q

What are the 3 layers of meninges?

A
  1. dura mater
  2. arachnoid mater
  3. pia mater
32
Q

What are the 3 layers of connective tissue that surrounds cells of the PNS?

A
  1. endoneurium - surrounds each axon and it’s Schwann cell
  2. perineurium - surrounds nerve fascicles
  3. epineurium - surrounds a group of fascicles
33
Q

What are nerve fascicles?

A

A group of axons

34
Q

What are the 3 structural divisions of the brain?

A
  1. The forebrain
    - Cerebrum
    - Diencephalon
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
    - Pons
    - Medulla Oblongata
    - Cerebellum
35
Q

What are the four parts of the diencephalon of the forebrain?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Subthalamus
  3. Epithalamus
  4. Hypothalamus
36
Q

What are gyri?

A

Elevated tissue or folds on the cerebrum

37
Q

What are sulci?

A

Grooves within the cerebrum

38
Q

What are fissures?

A

Deep grooves within the cerebrum

39
Q

What is the lateral fissure?

A

Separates the left and right hemispheres of the brain

40
Q

What is the central fissure?

A

Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

41
Q

What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
  • Insula
42
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A
  • It acts as a gateway to the cerebrum for sensory information.
  • Regulates mood, memory and strong emotions
43
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Maintains homeostasis via the endocrine system
  • Regulates many of the body’s necessary functions
    (body temp, digestive activities, sex drive etc).
44
Q

What is the role of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Voluntary motor function

- Higher functional thinking

45
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

A
  • Receives and processes smell and hearing

- Has a role in memory

46
Q

What is the role of the parietal lobe?

A
  • Receives majority of touch/physical sensory input
47
Q

What is the role of the occipital lobe?

A
  • Receives vision input
48
Q

What is the role of the insula lobe?

A
  • Receives and processes taste information
49
Q

What is the role of the midbrain?

A
  • Receives visual, auditory and tactile sensory information

- Generates reflexes of the head, eyes and body

50
Q

What is the role of the medulla oblongata?

A
  • The home for the cardiovascular centre and respiratory centre
  • Controls reflexes such as swallowing, vomiting, hiccupping etc.
51
Q

What is the role of the pons?

A
  • Communicates to different parts of the brain

- Contains the sleep centre

52
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A
  • Controls smooth movement / locomotion etc balance and coordination
53
Q

What parts of the brain make up the brainstem?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla Oblongata
54
Q

Describe autocrine communication

A
  • Chemicals that have an effect on the same cell type as the one they were released from
  • Local
55
Q

Describe paracrine communication

A
  • Chemicals released by cells that affect other cells without being transported in the blood
56
Q

Describe neurotransmitter communication

A
  • Chemicals produced by neurons and secreted into extracellular spaces by presynaptic nerve terminals
  • Travel short distances
  • Influence post synaptic cells
57
Q

Describe endocrine communication

A
  • Chemicals produced by cells and enter the circulatory system to affect distant cells
58
Q

What are the hormones released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A
  • FSH
  • LH
  • GH
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • Prolactin
59
Q

What are the hormones released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A
  • Oxytocin

- Antidiuretic hormone

Human Structure and Function Semester 1. (10 decks)

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