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Human Structure and Function Semester 1. > Compendium 11. DNA > Flashcards

Compendium 11. DNA Flashcards

1
Q

What are genes?

A

Genes are the codes for proteins

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2
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A
  • Double-stranded
  • Sugar phosphate backbone
  • Has complimentary nitrogenous bases
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3
Q

What are the 5 nitrogenous bases?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
  • Uracil (in RNA)
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4
Q

What are histones?

A

Proteins that have DNA wrapped around them

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5
Q

What is the pair of maternal and paternal chromosomes called? (in a somatic cell)

A

A homologous pair

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6
Q

How many chromosomes are in a somatic cell?

A

46

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7
Q

Define diploid and haploid

A

Diploid means the cell has the full amount of chromosomes (46)

Haploid means the cell only has half the amount of normal DNA (23)

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8
Q

What are sex-linked traits?

A

Traits affected by genes on sex chromosomes

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9
Q

What is the proteome of a cell?

A

All the proteins that a cell is able to make

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10
Q

Define protein synthesis

A

The process by which information in the DNA is read and processed to make proteins

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11
Q

What are the 2 stages of protein synthesis?

A
  1. Transcription

2. Translation

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA that is transcribed from DNA?

A
  1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) : translated in the cytoplasm to make proteins
  2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) : together with ribosomal proteins make up ribosomes
  3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) : important in binding to amino acids in the cytoplasm
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13
Q

What is post-transitional modification?

A

The chemical modification of a protein following translation

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14
Q

What are some examples of post-transitional modification?

A
  • Attaching functional groups which that can change or extend it’s function
  • Amino acids can be cleaved off the end of a protein
  • proteins may be split in half
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15
Q

What are the side chains of an amino acid?

A

Parts of an amino acid that affect the way protein fold and is shaped

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16
Q

What are some examples of side chains?

A
  • non-polar
  • hydrophobic
  • hydrophilic
  • positively charged
  • negatively charged
17
Q

How many amino acids are in peptides?

A

2 or more

18
Q

How many amino acids are in polypeptides?

A

10 or more

19
Q

How many amino acids are in proteins?

A

50 or more

20
Q

What are the 4 levels of structure of a protein?

A
  1. Primary structure
  2. Secondary structure
  3. Tertiary structure
  4. Quaternary
21
Q

Describe the primary structure of a protein

A

The sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

22
Q

Describe the secondary structure of a protein

A

Proteins fold because the amino acids have different side chains

23
Q

What are 2 common folding patterns in the secondary structure of a protein?

A
  1. Alpha helices (a keratin)

2. Beta pleated sheets (fibroin, silk)

24
Q

Describe the tertiary structure of a protein

A

The 3D shape of the protein due to it’s secondary protein (the position of the amino acids)

25
Q

Describe the quaternary structure of a protein

A

The combined the 3D structure of two or more polypeptide chains

26
Q

What are globular proteins?

A
  • polypeptides that are folded into a compact shape
  • usually water soluble
  • quite mobile
  • plays a crucial role in nearly all biological proteins
27
Q

What are fibrous proteins?

A
  • polypeptides that are in a simple, elongated shape
  • insoluble in water
  • stable
  • provides mechanical support and tensile strength
28
Q

What are gametes?

A

Cells that fuse during sexual reproduction (sperm and egg)

29
Q

What are the 6 stages of mitosis?

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
  6. Cytokinesis
30
Q

What is the G1 phase?

A

The cell produces new proteins, grows and carries out normal tasks for the body.
This phase ends once the cell begins to divide.

31
Q

What is the S phase?

A

The DNA molecules in the cell nucleus form exact duplicates of themselves

32
Q

What is the G2 phase?

A

Preparation for division

33
Q

What is the M phase?

A

The cell divides into 2 daughter cells

34
Q

What is the G0 phase?

A

Cells that will stop dividing

35
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

A nitrogenous base plus a deoxyribose plus a phosphate group

Human Structure and Function Semester 1. (10 decks)

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