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Human Structure and Function Semester 1. > Compendium 10. Immunity > Flashcards

Compendium 10. Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Fluid balance
  2. Fat absorption
  3. Defence against infection
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2
Q

What is a lymph?

A

Clear fluid made up of water and solutes. It drains through the lymphatic system and back into the blood via veins.

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3
Q

What are lymphatic vessels?

A

They are one way, beaded vessels that carry lymph away from tissues and back to the heart.
The movement of the lymph is aided by the contractions of skeletal muscles.

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4
Q

What are 4 features of the lymphatic capillaries / blind ended capillaries?

A
  1. They are more permeable than blood capillaries.
  2. It has one way flow
  3. Epithelial cells do not have basement membranes
  4. Found in all parts of the body except for nervous system, bone and avascular
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5
Q

What are lymphatic trunks?

A

Large lymph vessels where smaller lymph vessels join

They drain lymphs and are named according to where they are situated in the body.

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6
Q

Where is the Jugular lymphatic trunk?

A

Head and neck

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7
Q

Where are the Subclavian lymphatic trunks?

A

Upper limbs, thoracic wall and mammary glands

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8
Q

Where are the Bronchomediastinal lymphatic trunks?

A

Thoracic organs and deep thoracic wall

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9
Q

Where are the Intestinal lymphatic trunks?

A

The abdominal organs

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10
Q

Where are the lumbar lymphatic trunks?

A

Lower limbs and organs in the pelvis

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11
Q

What are lymphatic ducts?

A

They drain tissues into major veins. There are 2 ducts :

  1. The right lymphatic duct
  2. The thoracic duct
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12
Q

What parts of the body do the two lymphatic ducts drain?

A
  1. Right lymphatic duct drains the right side of the body, right-upper limb and right thorax.
  2. Thoracic duct drains the rest of the body
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13
Q

What are some examples of encapsulated tissue?

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
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14
Q

What are some examples of non-encapsulated tissue?

A

Mucosa-associated tissue

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15
Q

What are diffuse lymphatic tissue?

A
  • Has dispersed lymphocytes and macrophages

- It does NOT have clear boundaries

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16
Q

What are lymphatic nodules?

A
  • Is denser that diffuse lymphatic tissue

- numerous in loose connective tissue in the digestive, respiratory and urinary system

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17
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A
  • Filter lymphs
  • They activate the immune system
  • The site in which lymphocytes will proliferate
18
Q

What are tonsils?

A
  • Large groups of lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx and oral cavity
  • They provide protection against pathogens that enter the mouth and nose cavity
19
Q

What are the 3 different sets of tonsils?

A
  1. Palantine - The ones you can see at the back of the throat
  2. Pharyngeal - They sit in the posterior walls of the nasopharynx
  3. Lingual - Located at the base of the tongue
20
Q

What is the spleen and what are it’s main functions?

A

The largest lymphatic organ in the body.

  1. It monitors blood by detecting and responding to foreign antigens
  2. Destroys defective red blood cells
  3. Contains a reserve of red blood cells.
21
Q

Describe the difference between the red and white pulp of the spleen

A

Red pulp - associated with the veins and makes up 75% of spleen. It contained many red blood cells and macrophages.
White pulp - associated with arteries and makes up around 25% of spleen. It is full of lymphatic tissue.

22
Q

What is the thymus?

A

It is the site of the maturation of T cells.

23
Q

What are trabeculae?

A

A series of parturitions formed by bands or columns of connective tissue

24
Q

Describe the process of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Lymphatic capillaries remove fluid from tissues. This fluid becomes the lymph.
  2. Lymph flows through lymphatic vessels.
  3. Lymph nodes filter lymph and respond to infections where necessary.
  4. Lymph enters thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct.
  5. The lymph enters the blood stream
25
Q

What is the difference between the lymphatic system and the immune system?

A

The lymphatic system :

  • Is the transport for cells of the immune system and antigens to travel around the body.
  • Lymphatic tissues are where lymphocytes ‘hang out.’

The immune system :
- Is the collection of proteins, cells, tissues and organs that fight pathogens.

26
Q

Define pathogens

A 
Foreign agents that bring non-self antigens into the body. 
Examples of pathogens include :
- Worms 
- Toxins 
- Fungi 
- Viruses
27
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A
  1. Innate (non specific)

2. Adaptive (specific)

28
Q

What is involved in innate immunity? (hint, there are 4 processes/cells)

A
  • Physical barriers : skin and mucous membranes
  • Inflammation
  • Chemical mediators
  • White blood cells
29
Q

What are chemical mediators?

A

Chemicals that promote phagocytosis and inflammation.

An example may be cytokines which regulate the intensity and length of the immune response to a pathogen.

30
Q

What chemicals do mast cells release and what are their purpose?

A
  • Histamine ; increases blood flow to the area and makes the capillaries more permeable
  • Heparin ; prevents blood clotting at the area of injury
  • Chemicals that attract phagocytes, macrophages and leucocytes.
31
Q

What is the difference between macrophages and phagocytes?

A

Macrophages are a type of phagocyte

32
Q

What are the 4 features of inflammation and what are they caused by?

A
  1. Redness - increased blood flow.
  2. Heat - increased metabolic activity and blood flow.
  3. Swelling - increased fluid concentration.
  4. Pain - fluid stimulates pain receptors
33
Q

What are 3 purposes of fever?

A
  1. Denature pathogenic organisms
  2. Increases the metabolic activity of some disease fighting organisms
  3. Helps repair tissue
34
Q

What are the 2 types of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Cell-mediated immunity (T-Cells) : These attack the target cells that have been infected by antigens.
  2. Antibody-mediated immunity (B-Cells) : These use antibodies to unprocessed antigens.
35
Q

List 3 ways antibodies can work

A
  • Dissolve organisms
  • Agglutination
  • Bind to the surface of viruses to prevent them from entering cells.
36
Q

Where are the mediastinal lymph nodes located?

A

Between the sternum and the spinal column

37
Q

Where are the axillary lymph nodes located?

A

Under the armpits

38
Q

Where are the inguinal lymph nodes located?

A

In the groin area

39
Q

Where are the iliac lymph nodes located?

A

In the pelvic area

40
Q

Define proliferate

A

To increase in number

41
Q

At what year of age does the thymus stop growing?

A

1 year

Human Structure and Function Semester 1. (10 decks)

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