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Human Structure and Function Semester 1. > Compendium 2. The Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Compendium 2. The Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the Plasma Membrane (hint : 4 functions)

A
  • Supports and encloses the cell
  • Attaches cells to other cells and to the surrounding matrix
  • Communicates to the cell’s environment and other cells
  • Determines what moves into and out of the cell (selectively permeable)
  • Lipid bilayer
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2
Q

Describe the Cytoplasm

A
  • Contains the organelles and cytosol
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3
Q

Describe the Cytosol

A
  • The liquid component of the cytoplasm
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4
Q

Describe the Cytoskeleton

A
  • The structural support of the organelles within a cell
  • Made up of microtubules and microfilaments
  • Responsible for the cell’s shape
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5
Q

Describe the Nucleus

A
  • The control centre of the cell
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (genetic material) is held within the nucleus
  • Contains nucleoplasm
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6
Q

Describe the Nucleolus

A
  • Produces ribosomes
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7
Q

Describe what Ribosomes are

A
  • The sites at which protein synthesis can occur
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8
Q

Describe the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the two types

A
  • Usually surrounds the nucleus
  • Rough ER assists in the synthesis of proteins
  • Also has ribosomes attached, making it rough
  • Smooth ER assists in the synthesis of lipids, steroids and carbs
  • Also assists in the detoxification of harmful substances
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9
Q

Describe the Golgi Apparatus

A
  • Packages and distributes proteins and lipids made by the endoplasmic reticulum
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10
Q

Describe what Lysosomes are

A
  • Break down and digest unused/unwanted molecules no longer needed within the cell
  • Contain digestive enzymes
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11
Q

Describe the Mitochondria

A
  • Provides energy used to power the cells functions
  • The site of ATP production
  • Contains it’s own genetic material
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12
Q

Describe the Centrioles

A
  • Involved in cell division (mitosis)

- Two centrioles positioned in a 90 degree angle are called a centrosome

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13
Q

Describe what Cilia is

A
  • Long, hair like extensions from the cell membrane that help molecules move across the surface of the cell
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14
Q

Describe what Flagella is

A
  • Longer than cilia and are only found on sperm cells (one flagellum per sperm)
  • Helps the sperm swim/move around
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15
Q

Describe what Microvilli is

A
  • Extensions of the plasma membrane that are much smaller than cilia
  • Increases surface area
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16
Q

What is the study of Histology?

A
  • The study of tissues

- Looking at the tissues in more detail by staining them

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17
Q

What are the four stages of preparing tissue?

A
  1. Remove the tissue from the body
  2. Fixation of tissue
  3. Embedding of tissue
  4. Slicing of tissue and mounting on a slide
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18
Q

What is the difference between biopsy and autopsy?

A
  • Biopsy is when tissue is extracted from an alive person

- Autopsy is when tissue is extracted from a deceased person

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19
Q

Describe what is involved in fixating a tissue

A
  • A process of placing a tissue in a mixture of chemicals (fixatives) to stop of reactions from occurring - Basically preserves the cells
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20
Q

Describe what is involved in embedding a tissue

A
  • Tissue is infiltrated with a wax and is allowed to set so it becomes hard and is able to be cut
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21
Q

Describe what is involved in slicing a tissue

A
  • The tissue is cut using a microtome (a mini meat slicer)

- The tissue is then placed on a slide where the wax must be dissolved and the tissue itself needs to be stained

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22
Q

What is Haematoxylin & Eosin (H and E)?

A
  • A stain used on tissues that need to be viewed underneath a microscope.
  • Haemotoxylin stains the nuclei of the cell purple
  • The Eosin staines the other parts of the cell, aka the cytoplasm, pink
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23
Q

What are two things you need to consider when examining historical images?

A
  1. The plane in which the tissue has been cut

2. The magnification of the tissue

24
Q

What are the four primary tissues?

A
  1. Epithelial - covers
  2. Connective - support
  3. Muscle - movement
  4. Nervous - control
25
Q

What does Avascular mean?

A

There is no direct supply of blood vessels (vascular meaning there is a supply of blood vessels)

26
Q

What does Innervated mean?

A

There is a direct supply of nerves

27
Q

What is the Epithelial tissue’s role within the body?

A
  • Covers and protects surfaces inside and out of the body

- It forms boundaries between different parts of the body

28
Q

What is the Connective tissue’s role within the body? (hint ; 5 main roles)

A
  • Binds
  • Supports and protects
  • Insulation
  • Acts as a fuel reserve
  • Transport
29
Q

Describe simple, stratified and pseudostratified

A

Simple - A single layer of cells
Stratified - Multiple layers of cells
Pseudostratified - Looks like multiple layers of cells but is in fact only one layer

30
Q

Describe squamous, cuboidal, columnar and transitional

A

Squamous - flat
Cuboidal - cube shaped
Columnar - column shaped
Transitional - can transition from a columnar to a cuboidal or squamous shape

31
Q

What cells are commonly found in connective ?

A
  • Adipose
  • Fibroblasts
  • Mast cells
  • Leucocytes
  • Macrophages
32
Q

What are the 3 types of fibres make up connective tissue?

A
  • Collagen fibres
  • Elastic fibres
  • Reticular fibres
33
Q

What is ground substance?

A

It fills the spaces between the cells and suspended fibres.

34
Q

What are the 4 classes of connective tissue?

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Cartilage
  3. Bone
  4. Blood
35
Q

What are the different divisions of connective tissue proper?

A

Dense

  • Regular
  • Irregular
  • Elastic

Loose

  • Areolar
  • Adipose
  • Reticular
36
Q

What are the characteristics and functions of cartilage?

A

Characteristics :

  • Made up of cartilage cells (condracytes) that have a rigid matrix
  • Avascular and not innervated

Functions :

  • Protection
  • flexibility
  • ability to withstand pressure
37
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage and where are they found?

A
  1. Hyaline Cartilage
    Found in rib cage and trachea
  2. Fibrocartilage (Found in areas that withstand large amounts of pressure)
    Found in the intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
  3. Elastic cartilage (Found in areas that must maintain shape while allowing elasticity)
    Found in the ear and epiglottis
38
Q

What are the characteristics and function of bone?

A

Characteristics :
- Composed of cells (osteocytes) and matrix

Function :

  • Supports
  • Protects
39
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A
  1. Spongy bone
    - Found at the ends of long bone, the sternum, vertebrae and pelvis
  2. Compact bone
    - Found in the shaft of long bone and makes up the outer portion of bones
40
Q

What are the characteristics and functions of blood?

A

Characteristics :

  • Considered atypical because it doe not ‘support’ or ‘connect’ anything
  • Considered a connective tissue because it comes from the same precursive tissues as other connective tissues.
  • Made up of erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets

Function :
- Transport of nutrients, oxygen and wastes around the body

41
Q

What is the main function of muscle?

A

It is responsible for the body’s movement through contraction

42
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
43
Q

Explain the characteristics of skeletal muscle

A
  • Muscles that are attached to the bones
  • Each cell has more than one nuclei
  • Striated due to microfilaments
  • Mostly under voluntary control (except for twitching)
44
Q

Explain the characteristics of cardiac muscle

A
  • Only found in the walls of the heart
  • Responsible for pumping blood
  • Cells have multiple mitochondria
  • Under involuntary control
45
Q

Explain the characteristics of smooth muscle

A
  • Mainly found in the walls of ‘hollow’ organs eg stomach, bladder, uterus
  • Non-striated
  • Only have one nucleus per cell
  • Involuntary control
  • Elastic
46
Q

What is the nervous system responsible for?

A

Control and communication within the body

47
Q

What is nervous tissue made up of ?

A
  • Neurons (which conduct electrical and chemical signals throughout the body)
  • neuroglia (support cells that insulate and protect the neurons)

The brain, spinal cord and nerves are all parts of the nervous system

48
Q

Where can simple squamous epithelium be found?

A
  • Alveoli of lungs
  • Kidneys
  • Pericardium
  • Peritoneum
49
Q

Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?

A
  • Kidney tubules

- Terminal bronchiole

50
Q

Where can simple columnar epithelium be found?

A
  • Intestines
  • Stomach
  • Fallopian tubes
  • Lungs
51
Q

Where can transitional epithelium be found?

A
  • Bladder
  • Ureters
  • Upper part of the urethra
52
Q

Where can stratified squamous epithelium be found?

A

Keratinised :

  • Soles of the feet
  • Palms of hands
  • Skin

Non-keratinised :

  • Mouth
  • Oesophagus
  • Anus
  • Vagina
53
Q

Where can stratified cuboidal epithelium be found?

A
  • Sweat glands
  • Salivary glands
  • Developing ovum
54
Q

Where can stratified columnar epithelium be found?

A
  • Ducts of mammary glands

- larynx

55
Q

Where can pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium be found?

A
  • Pharynx
  • Trachea
  • Sperm

Human Structure and Function Semester 1. (10 decks)

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