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Human Structure and Function Semester 1. > Compendium 4. The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Compendium 4. The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Respiration (gas exchange)
  2. Regulation of blood pH
  3. Voice production
  4. Olfaction (smell)
  5. Protection against dust or microorganisms via mucous or cilia
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2
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the respiratory system?

A
  • Upper respiratory tract

- Lower respiratory tract

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3
Q

What are the main functions of the conducting zone?

A
  • Passage way for air
  • Filters and cleans air
  • Humidifies and warms air
  • Olfaction
  • The resonating chamber for speech
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4
Q

How does the nasal cavity humidify and warm the air that travels through?

A
  • Warms via the blood flowing through the nasal capillaries

- Moistens via the mucous epithelium and excess tears that drain into the nasal cavity

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5
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

The entry into the nasal cavity (your nose holes hehe)

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6
Q

What is the uvula?

A

The dangly piece of tissue at the back of your throat

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7
Q

What is the septum?

A

The dividing piece of cartilage that separates the two nostrils

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8
Q

What are concha and what is their purpose?

A

The bony ridges in the nasal cavity

The concha increases the surface area within the nasal cavity and creates a more turbulent air flow (exposed unwanted particles to mucous so that they don’t enter the lungs)

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9
Q

What type of epithelium lines the vestibule?

A

Stratified Squamous

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10
Q

What type of epithelium lines the concha?

A

Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar

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11
Q

What are the 3 regions of nasopharynx?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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12
Q

What epithelium lines the nasopharynx?

A

Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar

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13
Q

What epithelium lines the oropharynx?

A

Stratified squamous

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14
Q

What epithelium lines the laryngopharynx?

A

Stratified squamous

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15
Q

How many cartilage pieces make up the larynx?

A

9

  • 6 are paired (one on either side of the larynx)
  • 3 are unpaired
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16
Q

Name the 9 cartilage pieces

A

Paired

  • Cuneiform
  • Corniculate
  • Arytenoid

Individual

  • Epiglottis
  • Thyroid
  • Cricoid
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17
Q

What are the main functions of the larynx?

A
  • Maintains an open passageway for air movement
  • Directs food into the oesophagus away from the respiratory tract via the epiglottis
  • Traps irritating particles from entering the lungs
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18
Q

How many hyaline cartilage rings does the trachea have?

A

15-20

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19
Q

What epithelium lines the tracheal lumen?

A

Pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar

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20
Q

What is the Carina?

A

An extremely sensitive area that is the point in which the trachea branches off into the primary bronchi.

21
Q

What are the transitions of epithelium as it gets deeper into the lungs?

A

pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar to simple ciliated columnar to simple ciliated cuboidal

22
Q

Explain the divisions of the branches in the lungs

A 
Primary (main) bronchi 
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
Bronchioles 
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles 
Alveolar duct
Alveoli
23
Q

How many lobes are in the left and right lung?

A

Right - 3 lobes (superior, middle and inferior

Left - 2 lobes (superior and inferior)

24
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the capillaries covering the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous

25
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous

26
Q

What is the hilum?

A

The entry of the primary bronchi, nerves and blood capillaries into the lungs

27
Q

What are the 4 factors that affect gas exchange?

A
  1. The thickness of the respiratory membrane
  2. Surface area
  3. Diffusion coefficient
  4. Partial pressure
28
Q

How is oxygen transported around the body?

A
  1. 5% in haemoglobin

1. 5% dissolved in blood plasma

29
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported around the body?

A

70% ( as bicarbonate ions) dissolved in blood plasma
7% ( as itself) dissolved in blood plasma
23% bound to haemoglobin

30
Q

What are the 5 structures involved in ventilation and how do they move?

A

Lungs
Inspiration - volume increases as it fills with air
Expiration - volume decreases as air leaves

Diaphragm
Inspiration - contracts inferiorly
Expiration - relaxes superiorly

Rib cage and sternum
Inspiration - elevates
Expiration - depresses

Intercostal muscles
Inspiration - contracts
Expiration - relaxes

31
Q

What is Boyles Law?

A

Volume is inversely proportional (opposite) to pressure

32
Q

What are the two pressures during respiration?

A

Barometric air pressure - the atmospheric air pressure outside of the body

Intra-alveolar pressure - The pressure inside the alveoli

33
Q

What changes come about in the two respiratory pressures during respiration?

A

During inspiration, barometric is higher than intra-alveolar

During expiration, barometric is lower than intra-alveolar

34
Q

What forces assist in alveoli recoil?

A
  • Fine elastics that cover the alveoli

- The surface fluid which coats the alveoli and reduces high tension

35
Q

What forces assist in lung expansion?

A
  • Intrapleural pressure being less than intraalveolar pressure
  • Visceral pleura adhering to parietal pleura via the pleaural fluid
36
Q

Define tidal volume

A

The amount of air inspired or expired with each breath

37
Q

Define inspiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that can be inspired forcefully on top of inspiration of the tidal volume

38
Q

Define expiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that can be forcefully expired after expiration of the tidal volume

39
Q

Define residual volume

A

The amount of air that remains in the lungs even after the most forceful expiration

40
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

the maximum amount a person can expire after a normal respiration

41
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

Expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume

The amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of normal respiration

42
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume
(The maximum volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after maximum inspiration)

43
Q

What is lung capacity?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume plus expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume

44
Q

What is respiratory rate?

A

The number of breaths taken each minute

45
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

Total amount of air into and out of the respiratory system each minute (tidal volume x respiratory rate)

46
Q

What is anatomic dead space?

A

Regions in the respiratory system where gas exchange does not take place

47
Q

What is a restrictive lung disease?

A

When a person cannot fully expand their lungs during respiration eg emphysema

48
Q

What are dynamic measurements?

A

Lung volume measurement in relation to time

49
Q

What do dynamic measurements actually measure?

A
  1. Forced vital capacity - the maximum volume of air that can be forcefully expired fast as possible after a deep breath in.
  2. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second - the volume of air expired in the first second of the test
  3. Forced expiratory volume 1% - FEV1sec expressed as a percentage of the FVC

Human Structure and Function Semester 1. (10 decks)

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