Companion Animal Preventive Care: Vaccines Flashcards
What is the purpose of vaccines?
- trigger protective immune responses
- lessen the severity
- can prevent infection
Who licenses vaccines?
USDA
What is the difference between core and non-core vaccines?
Core vaccines: vital to all pets based on risk of exposure, severity of disease or transmissibility to humans
Non-core vaccines: depending on the pet’s exposure risk
What are the core vaccines for dogs?
- cannine destemper (highly contagious)
- canine infectious heptatitis (adenovirus, jaundice; CAV-1)
- canine parovovirus (GI tract affected, rapid dehydration)
- cannine parainfluenza
- canine rabies virus (fatal; zoonosis)
- canine influenza
- leptospira
What are the core vaccines for cats?
- feline panleukopenia virus - highly contagious, often fatal
- feline herpevirus - rhinotracheitis
- feline calivivirus - ulcerations in mouth
- feline leukemia virus
- feline rabies virus
- feline infectious peritonitis
rhinotracheitis - inflammation of the conjuctiva
What are non-core vaccines for dogs?
- bordetella bronchiseptica (kennel cough)
- canine borrelia burgdoferi (lyme disease)
- canine parainfluenza virus (CPiV)
- leptospira ssp.
- cannine influenza virus (CIV)
- Crotalo Atrox
What are non-core vaccines for cats?
- chlamydophilia felis (feline strain)
- bordetella bronchispetica
- feline leukemia virus
- feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)
What are inactivated vaccines?
They are killed; highly stable preparations of whole-cell virus or bacteria incapable of replicating following administration.
What are characteristics of inactivated vaccines?
- need multiple doses (2 initial doses)
- less immunogenic compared to attentuated vaccines
- adjuvants
- aqueous product
- multiple dose –> multiple needs
- often considered the safest vaccine type b/c the immunizing agent is dead
immunogenic - duration of immunity of memory of bacteria or virus
adjuvants - a variety of substances that maintain or depot the anitgen as well as stimulate an inflammatory response to the vaccine antigens
How are inactivated vaccines administered?
- parenteral administeration (subcutaneously SQ or intramuscularly IM)
- not administered directly into mucosal surfaces (intranasal IN)
How far apart are the two intial doses given?
2-4 (2-6) weeks apart
with the exception of rabies
inactivated vaccines
What is the purpose of the two initial doses?
1st - primes the immune response
2nd - provides the protective immune response
Inactivated vaccines primarily stimulate which type of immunity?
Systemic humoral immunity
What is the duration of inactivated vaccines?
1 year; needs revaccination
rabies is every 3 years
attenuated vaccines
Definition
It is a live, modified-live (virus) or avirulent-live (bacteria) vaccine that induces an imune response (humoral or cell-mediated) that mimics natural infection without the disease-producing ability
attenuated vaccines
Route of administrations
Intranasally, parenterally (SQ, or IM)
killed vaccine will not immunize if administered onto a mucosal surface
attenuated vaccines
Duration of immunity
- up to five years
- every 3 years for viral core
- annually for bacterial vaccines
attentuated vaccines
attenuated vaccines
Characteristics
- one dose (every 3-4 weeks between 8 and 16 wks)
- high immunogenic
- last longer than inactivated vaccines
Recombinant vaccines
Definition
vaccines that are made from genetic modification; taking fragment of DNA protein from virus and inserting into canarypox vector virus to provide stronger and faster immunity
Recombinant vaccines
Route of administrations
IM, SQ, IN
Recombinant vaccines
Duration of immunity
1-3 years
Recombinant vaccine
Immunotherapeutic biologies
Takes pathogen gene that codes for protective antigen –> inserted into E.coli plasmid –> purfication
or enteres canarypox vaccine –> transfected into cells that have canarypox virus –> poxyvirus expresses protective antigen
Recombinat vaccine
Characteristics
- does not contain whole virus
- inserted into some sort of plasmid
Toxoid vaccine
Definition
made from selected toxins (proteins) that have been suffieciently attenuated and are able to induce humoral (antibody) immune response
Toxoid vaccine
Characteristics
- may need multiple does
- humoral response
- shorter immunity
Toxoid vaccine
Route of administrations
IM
Toxoid vaccine
Duration of immunity
shorter than attenuated viral vaccines
Toxoid vaccine
Immunotherapeutic biologies
leverage the body’s immune system to neutralize toxins, rather than the bacteria themselves, by using inactivated toxins to trigger antibody production and memory B cells for long-term protection
What are maternally derived antibody?
antibodies (AB) that the young receive from their mom
high levels of maternal AB will block effectiveness of a vaccine
maternally derived antibody
what is the window of susceptibility?
period of time from several days to several weeks in which the maternal ABs are too low to provide protection against the disease, but too high to allow a vaccine to work
this is the time when depsite being vaccinated, a puppy or kitten can still contract the disease
what are “non-responders”?
Animals thare are genetically incapable of developing a immune response
What are vaccine adverse effects?
any undesirable side effect or unintended effect (including lack of desired result -failure to protect against a disease-) associated with the administration of a licensed biologic product (vaccine)
vaccine adverse events (AEs)
what are side effects?
reduced or loss appetite, pain at the injection site, lethargy, reluctance to walk and/or run, mild fever
Vaccine adverse events
What are example of injection site reactions?
abscess, hair loss, swelling, granuloma, seroma, pain, ischemic vasculitis
vaccine adverse events
what are examples of transient postvaccinal nonspecific illness?
regional lymphadenomegaly, encephalitis, hair loss or color change at the injection site
vaccine adverse events
what are type 1 allergic and immune-mediated reactions?
acute anaphylaxis
angioedema (swelling in the head), anaphylazis (shock) and death
vaccine adverse events
what are type 2 allergic and immune-mediated reactions?
cytolytic
immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia
vaccine adverse events
what are type 3 allergic and immune-mediated reactions?
immune complex
cutaneous ischemic vasculopathy &
rabies vaccine, corneal edema (“blue-eye”) & CAV-1 vaccine, immune-mediated disease
vacciner adverse event
what are exmaples of failure to immunize?
- maternal antibody interference
- volume/and or dose less than prescribed
- non responder
- inactivation of vaccine antigen
- mixing of incompatible vaccines in the same syringe
What other examples of vaccine adverse events?
- vaccine-induced immunosuppression
- incorrect/inappropraite administration of vaccine
- residual virulance attenuated vaccine
- vaccine-induced interference with diagnotic tests
- reversion of vaccine virus to a virulent pathogen
vaccine adverse events
what is vaccine-associated sarcoma called?
tumorigenesis
cats
what are examples of attentuated vaccines?
- most canine distemper virus vaccine
- all canine parvovirus
- adenovirus-2 vaccines
what are examples of recombinant vaccines?
canine distemper vaccine (canarypox-vector)
what are examples of toxoid vaccines?
crotalus atrox toxoid (western diamond rattlesnake) vaccine
What is the feline injection-site sarcoma (FISS)?
- vaccine-associated sarcoma
- developed from inactivated rabies or FeLV vaccines and aluminan-based adjuvants
What is the most important zoonosis?
dogs and cats
Rabies
cats
what are vaccines for shelter animals?
feline viral rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, panleukopenia,
cats
what are vaccines for trap-neuterued return programs?
FPV, FHV-1, FCV, rabies
