Communication Processes, Principles, & Ethics Flashcards
A human act of sending and receiving of messages where interpretations are normally constructed in the process
Communication
What is the result of a successful communication?
Achievement of Common Understanding
An intentional communication that happens within the bounds of specific contexts
Purposive Communication
Communication happens in specific _____
Contexts
Context includes:
- Settings or environment (family, school, workplace, etc)
- Social relations
- Place, time, occasion (meetings, interviews, parties, etc.)
- Culture
Why is Context in Communication important?
Context in communication can affect:
- process of sending and receiving messages,
- messages’ semantics or meanings,
- choice of channels, words, methods of delivery
The person who intends to express a message or information to others
Have their own unique set of attributes and characteristics
Sender
People will more likely reject a message if the sender is proven to be unreliable.
Sender’s Credibility
How a sender delivers their message. E.g. voice projection, eye contact, intonation, articulation of words, etc.
Delivery
The information, subject, topic, opinion, attitude, feelings, or suggestions encoded by the sender
Message
Messages can take either _____ or _____
Verbal form; Nonverbal symbols
For Messages to be accurately understood and positively received, the following C’s must be followed:
- Courtesy: politeness
- Clarity: message’s technical word usage, grammar, delivery
- Conciseness: saying what needs to be said in as few words as possible
- Concreteness: being specific by providing examples
- Completeness: message answers 5 Ws and 1 H
The decoder of the message
Receiver
What skills must a good Receiver have?
- Good listening
- Good comprehension skills
What could possibly affect a Receiver’s receptiveness towards the message?
Receiver’s prejudice
The medium or device used in delivering the message from sender to receiver
Can be through face-to-face or technology-mediated means
Channel
Choice of a channel may depend on:
- Availability
- Impact
- Practicality
The response and/or interpretation provided by the receiver in relation to the message
Feedback
Noise and barriers that affect how the message will be received by the recipient due to environmental, physical, psychological, and emotional conditions.
Interference
Type of interference that refers to the physical environment
External
Type of interference that relates to one’s mental or psychological state
Internal
Type of interference that refers to physical ability
Physiological
Type of interference concerned with word comprehension
Semantic
Situation and environment from which communication occurs
Context
3 Dimensions of Context:
- Physical
- Social
- Cultural
The use of sounds or words in order to share one’s feelings or ideas.
Verbal communication
Types of Verbal Communication:
- Vocal (spoken words)
- Nonvocal (writing, sign language)
Function of Verbal Communication used to regulate or control another person’s behavior or action
Regulation
Function of Verbal Communication used to form relationships with other people
Social Interaction
Function of Verbal Communication used to express one’s desire, goal, likes and dislikes, or needs and wants.
Motivation
Function of Verbal Communication used to acquire and share information with others
Information
Function of Verbal Communication used to express one’s feelings and emotions
Emotional Expression
Uses signs and symbols to complement, emphasize, or substitute verbal communication
Nonverbal communication
Pitch, tone, volume of voice
Paralanguage or Paralinguistics
Space and distance between interlocutors
Proxemics
Types of touching: professional, social, friendly, intimate, sexual
Haptics
Gestures, facial expressions, posture, eye movement, rate of walk
Body language or Kinesics
Appearance and style
Clothing and Artifacts
Variations in clothing and environmental colors
Color
Use of time in communication
Chronemics
Refer to the transfer from one location to another
Body movements
Function of Nonverbal Communication: substituting words
To Replace
Function of Nonverbal Communication: duplicating and reinforcing one’s message
To Repeat
Function of Nonverbal Communication: enhancing and adding nuance to one’s words
To Complement
Function of Nonverbal Communication: to add emphasis on verbal intent
To Accent
Function of Nonverbal Communication: to control the flow of conversations
To Regulate
Function of Nonverbal Communication: “action contradicts words”
To Contradict
Function of Nonverbal Communication: using signals to mislead others
To Deceive
Provided that the communication participants speak the same language or regional dialect, __________ contribute to a successful communication since this results in a continuous exchange of messages.
Shared knowledge and experiences
Having the same _____ means sharing the same language, jargons, and expressions.
Codebook
Refers to the linguistics, sociolinguistics, discourse, and strategic proficiency of the sender and the receiver of communication.
Communicative Competence
Ability of the communicator to to use the appropriate morphology, syntax, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics.
Linguistics proficiency
A product of being educated and exposed to a language
Linguistics skill
A sub-discipline of linguistics that treats the social aspects of language. Language varieties exist and are to an extent shaped by social factors.
Sociolinguistics
The ability of a receiver to accommodate or adjust to the communication style or language variety used by the sender.
Sociolinguistic Competence
Refers to how ideas are linked across sentences or utterances using the appropriate organization of ideas, cohesion, and coherence.
Discourse
Refers to one’s ability to demonstrate organized, cohesive, and coherent thoughts in spoken or written texts.
Discourse Competence
Refers to a speaker’s ability to adapt to the use of verbal and nonverbal language to compensate for communication problems caused by speaker’s lack of understanding of grammar or insufficient social communication behavior and norms.
Strategic Competence
Ethical communicators should address people, especially of other cultures, with the same respect they would like other cultures to give them.
Adhering to the golden rule
Ethical communicators need to be careful with how they use their words, tone, or nonverbal gestures in order not to affect others negatively.
Considering the feelings of the receiver
It is unethical and unlawful to use other people’s intellectual property without recognizing the author’s names or organizations
Acknowledging the source of idea and information
People should communicate what is true and right.
Speaking the truth
An interaction carried out by using information communication technology. Sending and receiving messages can be synchronous or asynchronous.
Mediated Communication
