Communication between cells Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cell signalling?

A

Cell signalling is the communication between cells that allows effective coordination of a response.

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2
Q

How can a signal be detected?

A

In order to detect a signal, the target cell must have a cell surface receptor. B cells/T cells have receptors that are complementary to the foreign antigen.

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3
Q

What do a pathogen’s antigens do?

A

Pathogens have antigens which effectively say that they’re foreign.

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4
Q

What happens when lysosomes attack pathogens?

A

Lysosomes attack the pathogens. Pathogens often end up attached to the host plasma membrane, which act as a distress signal, and they act as markers to show infection - T killer cells.

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5
Q

What do Macrophages do and how is this special?

A

Macrophages in the lymph nodes, act as phagocytes, and engulf the pathogen. They do not fully digest it; instead they separate out antigens and put them on their cell surface membrane. Exposed on antigen-presenting cell - find lymphocytes for neutralisation.

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6
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Cytokines are chemical signals which act as instructions to target cells. Short disease, low concentration. They bind to specific membrane-bound receptors on target cells. Cause release of second messengers.

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7
Q

What do Macrophages do?

A

Macrophages release monokines that attract neutrophils; chemotaxis – movement towards a chemical.

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8
Q

What do Monokines do?

A

Macrophages release monokines that stimulate B cells to stimulate differentiation/release antibodies.

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9
Q

How are Interluekins released, and what do they do?

A

T cells/B cells and macrophages release interleukins – stimulate proliferation/differentiation of B/T cells.

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10
Q

What do Interferons do?

A

Many cells release interferons, inhibit virus replication, stimulate activity of T killer cells.

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