Communication Flashcards
What is the interpersonal gap?
disconnect between what the sender intends to communicate and effect of the communication on perceiver
Why does the interpersonal gap persist in close relationships?
Because we include close others in the self, we assume a stranger’s perspective is different and pay more attention
What is perspective taking?
the need to recognize that others do not see the world exactly as we do
- differing knowledge, expectations, motivations, and visual perspectives
- a skill that is developed over time
- young people are worse at it: demonstrated during the director’s task
What is the director task?
a task used to evaluate perspective taking
- the director views a version of a grid that is reversed from the viewer, with some squares blocked out to viewer
- directors instruct the viewer, but must adapt instructions to match the reversed view of the grid
- responses can be evaluated for perspective-taking based on how un/egocentric the instructions are
What is the false consensus?
we overestimate the extent to which others share our attitudes and feelings
What is the curse of knowledge?
use of your own knowledge as a guide to other’s knowledge
What is the illusion of transparency?
overestimate how much people can see our internal states
What is the dual process model of cognition?
suggests we use two stages of cognition, the first is automatic (leans egocentric) and the seconf is effortful correction
With more cognitive load, how does our cognition get affected?
more load, increased egocentric biases
How do we gauge and communicate romantic interest?
We have to balance not getting hurt but also getting closer…
One way is trial intimacy moves: escalate physical or psychological intimacy to see how the other person responds
- escalating touch/proximity: moving closer
- reciprocity: self disclose, do they reciprocate?
- diminishing self: make self deprecating comments
-withdrawing: testing to see whether a partner will sustain the interaction
-Hazing: testing to see whether target will provide some favour or service at cost to themselves
What is pluralistic ignorance?
occurs when you observe other behaving similarly to us but we assume they are doing it for different reasons
75% of participants report that fear of rejection has prevented them from pursuing a romantic relationship
What is signal amplification bias?
may systematically overestimate how much interest our signals convey
What is the augmentation principle?
The expectation that will take into account the inhibitory forces acting on our behaviour
What is the illusion of transparency?
The idea that people have access to our internal states
Why are the augmentation principle and illusion of transparency common for anxiously attached individuals?
anxiously attached people overestimate interest conveyed by their romantic overtures
What is non-verbal communication?
what we do?
gesture, posture, facial expression, tone of voice, appearance
WHat are the functions of non verbal communication?
Providing info: nonverbal info can be informative for making inferences about sender’s modd, intentions, traits, meaning behind their words
Regulating interaction: subtle non-verbal cues allow people to take turns in a conversation smoothly (ex. annotation)
Defining the nature of the relationship: nonverbal actions express intimacy and carry signals of power and status
Interpersonal influence: nonverbal info can be used to influence someone
Impression management: nonverbal behaviour can be used by an individual or a couple to convey a certain image of the self or relationship
How are facial expressions universal?
70-90% accuracy rate much higher than chance from collected photographs (STUDY)
What is the functionalist view of emotion?
emotions do something (adaptive response to environmental challenges)
ie. signalling function
What are display rules?
culturally specific rules that govern how, when, and to whom people express emotions
- can intensify, de-intensify, neutralize, and maskW
What is social gaze?
we can tell expressions based only on eyes… they signal attention and interest voluntarily and also provide involuntary cues (ie. pupil dilation in response to emotional and sexual arousal), and can also promote social bonding (mutual gaze increases feelings of attraction and love and increases self-disclosure)
What are high openers?
individuals who are good at eliciting self disclosure, they communicate more interest and attentiveness
What is visual dominance ratio?
% looking while speaking/ % looking while listening
what is social touch?
possess finely tuned tactile communication system
- communicates emotion
- important to intimacy
- contributes to sense of security
- touch associated with well-being
What are proxemics?
interpersonal distance
- less distance, forward lean, matching orientation and horz plane
What bodily gestures signal involvment?
get closer to people
inc gaze
more animated posture
facial animation
What are signals of positive affect and affection?
verbal
touch
facial expression
paralanguage
What is paralanguage?
vocal cues like annotation
What is behavioural mimicry?
will often synchronize nonverbal behaviour
- it fosters liking
-often unconscious, unintentional
What is neural synchrony?
Show an ambiguious movie clip to participants.
Phase 1: ask what is going on in clip: Ps answers differ, and their neurons differ
Phsae 2: ask Ps in small groups to come to a consensus on the clip’s subject
Phase 3: rewatch the original clip AND NEW CLIPS from the same movie and now neurons show similar firing patterns
RESULT: conversation synchronizes brain activity within groups
What is shared reality?
shared perceptions of the world at large
-predicts feelings of closeness in the relationship
How can couples defend against threats to their sense of shared reality?
STUDY: couples high on baseline measure of shared reality respond to experimental threats to sense of shared reality by engaging in motivated behaviour to reaffirm the reality ie. vocal agreement
Explain how fast and slow modes of turn-taking contribute to “clicking” and
connection
Coordination of brain activity may enable the extremely rapid back and forth of conversation
Minimizing time between turns requires a lot of prediction ( anticipating where partner is headed, their reaction etc)
Response times may convey how well one mind is able to predict another , signalling extent of social context
What are love languages?
A way of expressing and recieving love
There are 5 love languages: words of affirmations, recieving gifts, acts of service, physical touch, quality time
What is nonverbal sensitivity?
the ability to accurately encode (express) and decode (understand) nonverbal cues
What are gender differences in verbal communication?
women are better at decoding and encoding facial emotions than men, except for anger. men have much more difficulty decoding facial expressions.
