Common Laboratory Values Flashcards
What is the purpose of collecting arterial blood gases (ABGs)?
Collected to evaluate the acid base status (pH), ventilation (PaCO2), and oxygenation in arterial blood (PaO2)
What are the normal values for SpO2, PaO2, PaCO2 and pH?
SpO2= 98-100% PaO2 = 80-100 mmHg PaCO2 = 35-45 mmHg pH = 7.35-7.45
What level of SpO2 usually requires supplemental oxygen?
Below 88-90%
List 2 conditions that results in an increase in PaCO2.
COPD
Hypoventilation
List 4 conditions that result in a decrease in PaCO2.
Hyperventilation
Pregnancy
Pulmonary embolism
Anxiety
What is the difference between acidemia and alkalemia?
Acidemia = elevated acidity of the blood (pH < 7.35) Alkalemia = decreased acidity of the blood (pH > 7.45)
What is the difference between eucapnia, hypercapnia and hypocapnia?
Eucapnia = normal level of CO2 blood (35-45mmHg) Hypercapnia = high level of CO2 in blood ( > 45 mmHg) Hypocapnia = low level of CO2 in blood (< 35 mmHg)
What PaO2 levels classify mild, moderate and severe hypoxemia?
Hypoxemia = low level of O2 in arterial blood (< 80 mmHg)
Mild = PaO2 60-79 mmHg Moderate = PaO2 40-59 mmHg Severe = PaO2 < 40 mmHg
What is hypoxia?
Low level of O2 in the tissue despite adequate perfusion of the tissue
REMINDER TO REVIEW ABG CALCULATIONS FOR ACIDOSIS AND ALKALOSIS.
REVIEW PAGE 410 IN SCOREBUILDERS
VERY IMPORTANT
What PaCO2 and pH values indicate respiratory/metabolic acidosis versus alkalosis?
PaCO2 > 45mmHg and pH <7.4 = respiratory acidosis
PaCO2 > 45mmHg and pH > 7.4 = retention of CO2 to compensate for metabolic alkalosis
PaCO2 < 45mmHg and pH > 7.4 = respiratory alkalosis
PaCO2 < 45mmHg and pH < 7.4 = elimination of CO2 to compensate for metabolic acidosis
What are the normal values for HCO3-? What do they indicate?
22-26 mEq/L
Indicates no primary metabolic problem and no metabolic compensation for a respiratory problem
What HCO3- and pH values indicate respiratory/metabolic acidosis versus alkalosis?
HCO3- < 22 mEq/L and pH < 7.4 = metabolic acidosis
HCO3- < 22 mEq/L > 7.4 = renal compensation for respiratory alkalosis
HCO3- > 22 mEq/L > 7.4 = metabolic alkalosis
HCO3- > 22 mEq/L < 7.4 = renal compensation for respiratory acidosis
What are the normal values for prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT)?
Prothrombin time = 11-15 sec
Partial thromboplastin time = 25-40 sec
What are the normal INR values for average adults?
INR = 0.9-1.1
What is the target INR for patients with DVTs, pulmonary embolism, mechanical valves, and atrial fibrillation on anticoagulation therapy?
Target INR = 2-3.5
What are the normal values for bleeding time and c-reactive proteins?
Bleeding time = 2-10 min
C-reactive proteins = <10mg/L
Elevated levels of c-reactive proteins increase risk for developing ____. C-reactive protein levels > 100mg/L are associated with _____ and _____.
Increase risk for developing ATHEROSCLEROSIS
> 100mg/L = INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION
What are the normal values for WBCs?
4300-10,800 cells/mm3
List 4 instanced where WBCs may be elevated.
Infection
Inflammation
Leukemia
Lymphoma
List 2 instances where WBCs may be decreased.
Aplastic anemia
B12 or folate deficiency
What level of WBCs and absolute neutrophil count (ANCs) require the use of a mask when treating a patient?
WBCs < 1000-2000 cells/mm3
ANC < 500-1000
What are the normal RBC values for males and females?
Males = 4.6-6.2 10^6/uL Females = 4.2-5.9 10^6/uL
Elevated RBCs indicate ____ and decreased RBCs indicate ____.
Elevated RBCs = polycythemia
Decreased RBCs = anemia
What are the normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) values for males and females?
Males < 15 mm/hr
Female < 20 mm/hr
List 4 conditions where erythrocyte sedimentation rate may be elevated.
Infection
Inflammation
Rheumatoid arthritis
Osteomyelitis
What are the normal hematocrit values for males and females?
Males = 45-52% Females = 37%-48%
List 3 conditions where hematocrit may be elevated.
Erythrocytosis
Dehydration
Shock
List 2 conditions where hematocrit may be decreased.
Severe anemia
Acute hemorrhage
What are the consequences of decreased hematocrit and hemoglobin?
Decreased exercise tolerance
Increased fatigue
Tachycardia
What are the normal hemoglobin values for males and females?
Male = 13-18 g/dL Female = 12-16 g/dL
List 3 conditions where hemoglobin may be elevated.
Polycythemia
Dehydration
Shock
List 3 conditions where hemoglobin may be decreased.
Anemia Prolonged hemorrhage RBC destruction (cancer, sickle cell disease)
What WBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels are contraindicated for exercise?
WBC < 1000 = NO EXERCISE
Hemoglobin < 8 = NO EXERCISE
Hematocrit < 25% = NO EXERCISE
What are the normal values for platelet count?
150,000-450,000 cells/mm3
List 4 conditions that are associated with decreased platelet count.
Thrombocytopenia
Acute leukemia
Aplastic anemia
Cancer chemotherapy
What platelet count values indicate light, moderate, or no exercise?
30,000-50,000 = moderate exercise
20,000-30,000 = light exercise only
< 20,000 = AROM, ADLs only
What are the normal values for total cholesterol? What is considered borderline versus high?
Desirable < 200 mg/dL
Borderline 200-239 mg/dL
High > 240 mg/dL
What are the normal values for LDL cholesterol? What is considered borderline versus high versus very high?
Optimal < 100 mg/dL
Borderline 130-159 mg/dL
High 160-189 mg/dL
Very high > 190 mg/dL
What values are considered low versus high for HDL cholesterol?
Low < 40 mg/dL
High > 60 mg/dL
What are the normal values for triglycerides? What is considered borderline versus high versus very high?
Desirable < 150 mg/dL
Borderline 150-199 mg/dL
High 200-499 mg/dL
Very high > 500 mg/dL
