A&P Of The Respiratory System

Question 1

What structures create the 3 borders of the thorax?

Answer 1

Anterior: sternum, costal cartilage and ribs
Posterior: 12 thoracic vertebrae, intervertebral discs and ribs
Lateral: ribs

Question 2

What three parts make up the sternum?

Answer 2

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

Question 3

Describe the 12 pairs of ribs that make up the thorax.

Answer 3

1-7 (true ribs; attach to the sternum by costal cartilage)
8-10 (false ribs; do not reach the sternum as their cartilage attaches to the cartilage of the rib above)
11-12 (floating ribs; have no skeletal attachment)

Question 4

List the ribs that articulate with only one vertebrate.

Answer 4

Ribs 1, 10, 11, 12

Question 5

What muscles are considered the principle muscle of inspiration?

Answer 5

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

Question 6

Contraction of the _____ causes the chest to _____ longitudinally and the _____ to elevate to allow for inspiration.

Answer 6

Diaphragm
Expand
Ribs

Question 7

Contraction of the _____ and ______ muscles elevates the ribs.

Answer 7

External and internal intercostal muscles

Question 8

List 5 accessory muscles of inspiration.

Answer 8

1. Sternocleidomastoid
2. Pectoralis minor
3. Pectoralis major
4. Serratous anterior
5. Scalenes

Question 9

How does exhalation occur during quite breathing?

Answer 9

Through the passive recoil of the lungs and rib cage

Question 10

What 4 muscles are responsible for exhalation during forceful breathing?

Answer 10

1. Rectus abdominis
2. Transfers abdominis
3. Internal oblique
4. External oblique

Question 11

What 3 structures make up the upper respiratory tract? What is their function?

Answer 11

Nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx

Function: humidify, cool or warm inspired air and filter foreign matter before it reaches the alveoli

Question 12

The lower respiratory tract extends from the ____ to the _____ in the lungs and consists of the ______ airways and ______ respiratory units.

Answer 12

Extends from the LARYNX to the ALVEOLI in the lungs

CONDUCTING airways and TERMINAL respiratory units

Question 13

How many times do the airways divide between the trachea and alveoli?

Answer 13

23 times

Question 14

The right lung has ___ lobes and the left lung has ___ lobes. The ____ of the left upper lobes is analogous to the right _____ lobe.

Answer 14

Right lung = 3 lobes
Left lung = 2 lobes

LINGULA analogous to the right MIDDLE lobe

Question 15

Oxygen diffuses across the ____ into the _____ in the lung capillaries where it combines with ____ to be transported back to the heart. ______ diffuses in the opposite direction.

Answer 15

Alveolar-capillary septum
Red blood cells
Hemoglobin
CO2

Question 16

A membranous serous sac called _____ covers each lung.

Answer 16

Visceral pleura

Question 17

The pleural tissues covering the inner surfaces of the chest wall, ribs, vertebrae, diaphragm, and mediastinum is called _____.

Answer 17

Parietal pleura

Question 18

What is responsible for innervating the smooth muscle of the bronchi and pulmonary blood vessels?

Answer 18

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers

Question 19

Breathing control is achieved by integrated activity of the _____ in the _____ and the _____ in the lungs, airways, chest wall and blood vessels.

Answer 19

Central respiratory center in the brainstem

Peripheral receptors

Question 20

What is the anatomic dead space (VD)?

Answer 20

The volume of air that occupies the non-respiratory conducting airways

Question 21

What is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)? ERV makes up ___% of total lung volume.

Answer 21

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a normal title exhalation. ERV is approximately 15% of total long volume.

Question 22

What is forced expiratory volume (FEV)?

Answer 22

The maximum volume of air exhaled in a specified period of time

Question 23

What is forced vital capacity(FVC)?

Answer 23

The volume of air expired during forced maximal expiration after forced maximal inspiration

Question 24

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)? How is it calculated? What percentage of total lung volume does FRC make up?

Answer 24

The volume of air in the lungs after normal exhalation

FRC = ERV + RV

40% of total lung volume

Question 25

What is inspiratory capacity (IC)? How is it calculated? What percentage of total lung volume does it make up?

Answer 25

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal exhalation

IC = TV + IRV

60% of lung volume

Question 26

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)? What percentage of total lung volume does it make up?

Answer 26

The maximal volume of air that can be inspired after normal tidal volume inspiration.

50% of total lung volume

Question 27

What is minute volume ventilation (VE)? How is calculated?

Answer 27

The volume of air expired in one minute.

VE = TV x RR (respiratory rate)

Question 28

What is peak expiratory flow (PEF)?

Answer 28

The maximum flow of air during the beginning of a forced expiratory maneuver.

Question 29

What is residual volume (RV)? What percentage of total lung volume does it make up?

Answer 29

The volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of maximal expiration.

25% of total lung volume

Question 30

What is tidal volume (TV)? What percentage of total lung volume does it make up?

Answer 30

Total volume inspired and expired with each breath during quiet breathing.

10% of total lung volume

Question 31

What is total lung capacity (TLC)? How is it calculated?

Answer 31

The volume of air in the lungs after maximal inspiration; the sum of all lung volumes.

TLC = RV + VC or TLC = FRC + IC

Question 32

What is vital capacity (VC)? How is calculated? What percentage of total lung volume does it make up?

Answer 32

The volume change that occurs between maximal inspiration and maximal expiration

VC = TV + IRV+ ERV

75% of total lung volume