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NPTE Cardiovascular And Pulmonary Systems > A&P Of The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

A&P Of The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

The ____ is the lowest part of the heart. Where is it located?

A

Apex

Located to the left of the 5th intercostal space and left mid clavicular line

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2
Q

What 3 layers of tissue make up the heart? These 3 layers are surrounded by a connective tissue sac known as the _____.

A
  1. Endocardium
  2. Myocardium (muscle)
  3. Epicardium

Surrounded by the PERICARDIUM

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3
Q

The _____ is the largest artery, supplying ____ blood to the _____.

A

AORTA

OXYGENATED

BODY

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4
Q

The ____ aorta passes through the thorax and becomes the ____ aorta as it passes through the abdomen.

A

THORACIC

AORTIC

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5
Q

What 2 areas of the body does the INFERIOR vena cava return venous blood from?

A

Viscera and lower extremities

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6
Q

What 3 areas of the body does the SUPERIOR vena cava return venous blood from?

A

Head, neck, and upper extremities

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7
Q

The inferior and superior vena cavas return ____ blood to the ____ of the heart.

A

DEOXYGENATED

RIGHT ATRIUM

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8
Q

Describe the flow of blood through the heart. (12)

A
  1. Inferior/superior vena cava
  2. Right atrium
  3. Tricuspid valve
  4. Right ventricle
  5. Pulmonic valve
  6. Pulmonary arteries
  7. Pulmonary veins
  8. Left atrium
  9. Bicuspid valve
  10. Left ventricle
  11. Aortic valve
  12. Aorta
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9
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the right coronary artery?

A
  1. Sinus node artery
  2. Right marginal artery
  3. Posterior descending artery
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10
Q

What are the 2 main branches of the left coronary artery?

A
  1. Circumflex artery

2. Left anterior descending artery

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11
Q

What artery supplies the right atrium?

A

Sinus node artery

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12
Q

What artery supplies the right ventricle?

A

Right marginal artery

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13
Q

What artery supplies the left atrium and left ventricle?

A

Left anterior descending artery

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14
Q

What 2 arteries supply the interventricular septum?

A
  1. Posterior descending artery

2. Left anterior descending artery

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15
Q

What 3 vessels make up the coronary venous circulation?

A
  1. Coronary sinus
  2. Cardiac veins
  3. Thebesian veins
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16
Q

What is the normal pacemaker of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

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17
Q

What is intrinsic to the SA Node?

A

Cardiac automaticity

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18
Q

What 2 nerves converge to form the cardiac plexus at the base of the heart?

A
  1. Vagus nerve

2. Sympathetic cardiac nerves

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19
Q

The sympathetic influence is achieved by the release of _____ and _____.

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

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20
Q

Sympathetic nerves stimulate the chambers of the heart to beat ____ ( ____ effect), and with ______ force of contraction ( ________ effect).

A

Faster (chronotropic effect)

Greater (inotropic)

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21
Q

The parasympathetic influence is achieved via _____ release from the _____ nerve.

A

Acetylcholine

Vagus

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22
Q

Parasympathetic nerves ___ the heart rate ( _____ effect) primarily through the influence of the ____.

A

Slow (chronotropic)

SA Node

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23
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors that detect change in pressure

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24
Q

What reflex is responsible for maintaining blood pressure?

A

Baroreceptor reflex

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25
Q

_____ baroreceptors are high pressure receptors and ____ receptors are low pressure receptors.

A 
Arterial = high pressure
Cardiopulmonary = low pressure
26
Q

Baroreceptor reflex: What occurs during sympathetic activation that ultimately increases blood pressure?

A

Sympathetic activation leads to increased cardiac contractility, increased heart rate, venoconstriction and arterial vasoconstriction which elevates total peripheral resistance and cardiac output = increase in BP

27
Q

Baroreceptor reflex: What occurs during parasympathetic activation that ultimately decreases blood pressure?

A

Parasympathetic activation leads to a decrease in heart rate and a small decrease in contractility = decrease in BP

28
Q

The bainbridge reflex is also known as the _____ reflex.

A

ATRIAL

29
Q

What is the bainbridge reflex? What does it inhibit?

A

An increase in HR due to an increase in central venous pressure which is detected by the stretch receptors in the right atrium.

Inhibits PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY

30
Q

Chemoreceptor reflex: Chemosensitive cells located in the ______ bodies and _____ body respond to changes in ___ status and blood oxygen tension.

A

Carotid bodies
Aortic body
pH status

31
Q

Chemoreceptor reflex: At an arterial partial oxygen pressure of less than ____ mmHg or in conditions of ______, the chemoreceptors stimulate the _____ centers and _____ the depth and rate of _____. This activates the ______ system.

A 
50 mmHg
Acidosis 
Respiratory  
Increase 
Ventilation 
Parasympathetic
32
Q

Chemoreceptor reflex: In the case of persistent ______, the CNS will be directly stimulated with a resultant increase in _____ activity.

A

Hypoxia

Sympathetic

33
Q

What is a valsalva maneuver?

A

Forced expiration against a closed glottis

34
Q

A valsalva maneuver results in an increase in _____ and _____ , and a decrease in _____, ______, AND ______.

A

Increase in INTRATHORACIC and CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE

Decrease in VENOUS RETURN, CARDIAC OUTPUT and BLOOD PRESSURE

35
Q

What is atrial systole?

A

Contraction of the right and left atria pushing blood into the ventricles

36
Q

What is atrial diastole?

A

The period between atrial contractions when the atria are repolarizing

37
Q

What is ventricular systole?

A

Contraction of the ventricles pushing blood into the pulmonary arteries and the aorta

38
Q

What is ventricular diastole?

A

Period of relaxation between ventricular contraction when the ventricles are repolarizing

39
Q

What is preload? What does it reflect?

A

Refers to the tension in the ventricular wall at the end of diastole. It reflect the venous filling pressure that fills the left ventricle during diastole.

40
Q

What is afterload?

A

Refers to the forces that impede the flow of blood out of the heart, primarily the pressure in the peripheral vasculature of the compliance of the aorta, and the mass and viscosity of blood

41
Q

What is stroke volume (SV)? What is the normal range of SV?

A

The volume of blood ejected by each contraction of the left ventricle.

Normal SV ranges from 60 to 80 ml depending on age, sex, and activity.

42
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped from the left or right ventricle per minute.

43
Q

Cardiac output is equal to the product of _____ and _____.

A

Stoke volume x heart rate = cardiac output

44
Q

Normal CO for an adult male at rest is ____ to ____ L/min with women producing slightly ____.

A

4.5-5.0 L/min

LESS

45
Q

Cardiac output can increase up to ____ L/min during exercise.

A

25 L/min

46
Q

What is venous return? Venous return must equal _____ when averaged over time.

A

The amount of blood that returns to the right atrium each minute.

CARDIA OUTPUT (because the heart is a closed loop)

47
Q

The _____ are responsible for carrying oxygenated blood to the body and the ___ are responsible for returning deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

A

Arteries

Veins

48
Q

What is the normal blood volume of an adult male?

A

4.5-5.0 mL

Women slightly less

49
Q

What is hypovolemia?

A

Decreased blood volume

50
Q

List 6 causes of hypovolemia.

A
  1. Dehydration
  2. Diarrhea
  3. Sweating
  4. Severe burns
  5. Bleeding
  6. Diuretic medication used to treat HTN
51
Q

List 3 symptoms of hypovolemia.

A
  1. Orthostatic hypotension
  2. Tachycardia
  3. Elevated body temperature
52
Q

What is hypervolemia?

A

Fluid overload; increase in blood plasma

53
Q

What are 2 causes of hypervolemia?

A
  1. Excess fluid intake (IV or blood transfusions)

2. Fluid retention

54
Q

List 3 signs and symptoms of hypervolemia.

A
  1. Swelling in the legs
  2. Ascites
  3. Fluid in the lungs
55
Q

What is plasma? Plasma is important for regulating ____ and ____.

A

Liquid component of blood in which the blood cells and platelets are suspended.

Regulates BLOOD PRESSURE and TEMPERATURE

56
Q

______ is the protein that enables blood to bind to oxygen.

A

Hemoglobin

57
Q

_____ is the condition that occurs when the number of red blood cells is too low leading to fatigue and weakness.

A

Anemia

58
Q

_____ is the condition that occurs when the blood is too thick, increasing the risk of stroke or heart attack.

A

Polycythemia

59
Q

______ assist in clotting by clumping together at the bleeding site.

A

Platelets

60
Q

What 2 conditions can occur as a result of having too low or too high number of platelets?

A

Too low = thrombocytopenia (bruising and abnormal bleeding)

Too high= thrombocythemia (thrombosis leading to increased risk for MI and stroke)

61
Q

An increase in _____ may indicate leukemia.

A

White blood cells (leukocytes)

62
Q

List 5 main types of WBCs and their functions.

A
  1. Neutrophils: protect the body against infection my ingesting bacteria and debris
  2. Lymphocytes: T lymphocytes and natural killer cells protect against viral infections and destroy cancer cells; B lymphocytes develop into cells that produce antibodies
  3. Monocytes: ingest dead or damaged cells
  4. Eosinophils: kill parasites, destroy cancer cells, and are involved in allergic responses
  5. Basophils: participate in allergic reactions

NPTE Cardiovascular And Pulmonary Systems (15 decks)

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