Common Eye Diseases: Back Half of the Eye

Question 1

What causes a retinal artery occlusion? 2

Answer 1

embolus - A blockage or plug that obstructs a blood ‘vessel
thrombus - a blood clot

Question 2

What will a patient experience when suffering from occlusions?

Answer 2

sudden, painless loss of vision

Question 3

What happens to the retina when suffering from an retinal artery occlusion? 2

Answer 3

-classic cherry-red spot
-ischemic necrosis (loss of blood flow)

Question 4

What is the difference between a retinal artey occlusion and a retinal vein occlusion? 2

Answer 4

where it happens and the direction
Vein - towards the heart, away from retina
Artery - away from heart, towards the retina

Question 5

What can a retinal vein occlusion lead to? 5

Answer 5

-Diabetes
-Hypertension
-Polycythemia - increase in red blood cells
-Glaucoma
-Any other condition that causes
stasis of blood flow.

Question 6

Retinal Artery Occlusion is not a problem and doesnt cause any vision issues T/F + Why

Answer 6

False
total and permanent loss of light perception in the involved eye

Question 7

What is the prognosis of retinal vein occlusion? 1

Answer 7

visual recovery is significantly better
with a branch vein occlusion than
with a central vein occlusion.

Question 8

What is considered the back of the eye?

Answer 8

retina - macula/optic nerve/rods + cones etc

Question 9

Retinitis Pigmentosa is a complex hereditary disorder with no specific treatment. True/False

Answer 9

True

Question 10

What are the two main symptoms with retinitis pigmentosa?

Answer 10

-nyctalopia
-progressive loss of peripheral visual field

Question 11

What is the main way retinitis pigmentosa diagnosed? 1

Answer 11

direct visualization of the fundus using ophthalmoscopy

Question 12

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

Answer 12

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, and veins carry blood towards the heart

Question 13

What age of people are worse of when they develop retinitis pigmentosa ?

Answer 13

Younger as it is a degenerative disease

Question 14

What is retinopathy of prematurity?

Answer 14

Proliferative vascular disease occurring in
premature infants exposed to high
concentrations of oxygen soon after
birth.

Question 15

What is the prognosis of Retinopathy of premaurtiy if it is caught? 5

Answer 15

-cryosurgery
-laser photocoagulation
-intravitreal anti-VEGF
therapy
-vitrectomy
-retinal detachment surgery

Question 16

What is the prognosis of Retinopathy of premaurtiy if it is not caught? 4

Answer 16

-retinal detachment
-white retrolental membrane
-disease is usually bilateral and,
-in severe cases can cause blindness.

Question 17

What is the retinoschitis?

Answer 17

abnormal splitting of the retina’s neurosensory layers

Question 18

Characteristics of retinoschitis. 3

Answer 18

-occurs in the peripheral retina.
-Primarily affecting young males.
-Hereditary juvenile retinoschisis commonly
affects central vision

Question 19

What is the prognosis of retinoschitis? 2

Answer 19

-depends on the type
of retinoschitis
-There is no known treatment unless
there it is a retina tear.

Question 20

What can cause a retinal break?

Answer 20

-atrophic process that
leads to a full-thickness defect of the retina
-operculum is free from the retina

Question 21

The prognosis depends on the severity of the break. True/False

Answer 21

True

Question 22

How is a vitreous hemorrhage characateritized?

Answer 22

-hazy view of the fundus
-reduced or altered red reflex

Question 23

Why does a B scan needs to be conducted to view a vitreous hemorrhage?

Answer 23

B-scan ultrasound should be performed to rule
out an associated retinal detachment or mass
lesion such as a malignant melanoma.

Question 24

What is the prognosis of a vitreous hemorrhage?

Answer 24

resolve spontaneously in a few weeks to a few months

Question 25

What is a Central Serous Chorioretinopathy?

Answer 25

-Type of serous retinal detachment
involving the macula.
-Unassociated with a retinal tear or
hole

Question 26

Who is more likely to get a central serous chorioretinopathy? 4

Answer 26

-common in males
-Have high stress
-Type-A personality trait
-Steroid user

Question 27

How do objects appear when suffering from Central Serous Chorioretinopathy? 3

Answer 27

-Objects often appear: curved
darker in color
smaller

Question 28

What is the prognosis of Central Serous Chorioretinopathy?

Answer 28

-Most cases clear
spontaneously within 3 months

Question 29

What are 3 retinal related conditions someone can suffer with after getting concussions?

Answer 29

-Commotio retinae (Berlin’s “edema”)
-Retinal hemorrhages
-Retinal detachment

Question 30

What is commotio retinae?

Answer 30

misalignment of the
outer segments of the
photoreceptors in the retina
without any edema caused by blunt trauma

Question 31

How will the macula appear during commotio retinae?

Answer 31

Whitish appearance around the macula is a result of structural changes of the photoreceptors

Question 32

What is the prognosis of commotio retine?

Answer 32

-With time, the
whitish appearance resolves and there is mild pigmentary.

Question 33

What is retinal hemorrhage?

Answer 33

Hemorrhaging can be found after a trauma

Question 34

Where are the three locations of retinal hemorrhage; -preretinal
-subretinal
-intraretinal

Answer 34

-in front of the retina
-under the retina
-within the retina

Question 35

What is the prognosis of a retinal hemorrhage?

Answer 35

Depends on
how bad and where
the hemorrhage occurs.

Question 36

Is it common for a retinal detachment to occur straight after trauma?

Answer 36

no, increases the risk months and years after injury

Question 37

What is the prognosis for a retinal detachment?

Answer 37

it depends on where
the detachment occurs, how
much detached, and how early it is caught

Question 38

Intraocular foreign bodies are NOT a medical emergency? T/F

Answer 38

False, it is a surgical emergency

Question 39

Where can a intraocular foreign body be found? 4

Answer 39

-anterior chamber
-crystalline lens
-vitreous humor
-retina

Question 40

What is the prognosis of a intraocular foreihn body?

Answer 40

Depends on size,
shape, composition of theforeign body, and how soon they are discovered.