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HDS 2021 > Commercial Explosives > Flashcards

Commercial Explosives Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of an explosion

A

A chemical reaction in a n exceedingly short period of time producing high temperatures and a large quantity of gas

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2
Q

What are the 3 effects of combustion

A

heat, light, and release of gasses

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3
Q

What effect differentiates detonation, explosions, and burning

A

The rate of combustion

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4
Q

What are the 4 effects of an explostion

A

radiation, fragmentation, heat, and pressure

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of fragmentation and what are their definitions

A

Primary (fragmentation resulting from the bursting of the explosive container)
Secondary (fragmentation resulting from the impact of the primary fragmentation and pressure on other objects in the blast radius

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6
Q

What are the effects of hear/ incendiary in an explostion

A

Radiant heat, direct flame

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7
Q

What are 3 types of blast pressure

A

shockwave
positive
negative

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8
Q

What are some characteristics of positive pressure

A

blast pushes away objects, it is fast and in short duration

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9
Q

What are some characteristics of negative pressure

A

Pulls objects back towards the blast, slower and longer in duration

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10
Q

What are other effects of a blast

A

Focusing-directing a blast in direction
reflecting-bouncing the blast pressure off of hard objects
shielding- shielding objects by placing hard objects between yourself and the site of the blast

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of explosives

A

explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics

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12
Q

What 2 substances must an explosive contain

A

Oxidizer and fuel

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13
Q

What is the difference between an explosive mixture and explosive compound

A
  • A mixture is 2 or more substances physically combined but retain their independent physical properties (FOX)
  • A compound is 2 or more substances molecularly bonded to become a new substance (monomolecular)
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14
Q

What is the difference between low and high explosives

A
  • Low explosives burn at a rapid rate and require a container to build pressure (less than 3300 fps)
  • High explosives detonate and require no container. (3300fps and above)
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15
Q

What is the difference between a high order and a low order

A
  • high order detonation consumes all explosives

- low order detonation results in partial or incomplete detonation

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16
Q

Why are explosives nitrated

A

to add oxidizers to the explosive

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17
Q

Why are additives put into explosives

A

To change characteristics, ie increase or decrease heat or sensitivity

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18
Q

Why is a detonator blasting cap used with high explosive trains

A

to initiate a shock wave

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19
Q

What is the difference between high and low explosive train

A

the rate of detonation vs. explosion burn

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20
Q

How does the force of an explosion compress its surroundings

A

spherically

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21
Q

How are military and commercial explosives different

A

Cap sensitivity, Military explosives are less sensitive than commercial so that soldiers may minimize the risk of detonation

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22
Q

Define energy as it relates to characteristics of a chemical explosive

A

Ability to do work

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23
Q

Define Strength power as it relates to characteristics of chemical explosives

A

Ability to do useful work

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24
Q

What gives an explosive the ability to push, shove, or heave a solid

A

cratering effect

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25
Define hygroscopicity
Ability to absorb moisture
26
What factors affect the efficiency and functioning of a shaped charge
composition, angles, standoff, initiator
27
How does a shaped charge penetrate its target
by a focused jet of hot gas (known as the monroe effect)
28
What are the 2 classes of high explosives
primary and secondary
29
What are characteristics of primary explosives
very sensitive to heat, shock, friction, flame
30
What are characteristics of secondary explosives
less sensitive to heat shock friction flame
31
What is the difference between military and commercial dynamite
Military has NO nitro-glycerin. composition is 75% RDX, 15% TNT, 5% corn starch and 5% plasticizer
32
What is permissible dynamite
Dynamite with sodium chloride added to reduce flame and temperature. Has red or black bands
33
What is the difference between non-initiating and secondary explosives
Nothing they are the same
34
What is the laboratory standard by which all military explosives are compared too
TNT, RE-factor 1, Detonation velocity is 22,600 fps
35
What is the chemical makeup for composition C-4
91% RDX, 9% plasticizer and motor oil
36
Describe strait dynamite
Dynamite that is 100 % nitroglycerin
37
Describe dynamite that is marked "strength"
dynamite that does the equivalent work to strait dynamite
38
What is the main explosive component of military M1 dynamite
RDX
39
What are 2 characteristics of a blasting agent
Not cap sensitive, require a booster, example-ammonium nitrate
40
Describe the explosive mixture of ANFO
94% AN, 6% fuel oil
41
What is the minimum priming temperature of TOVEX
40 degrees
42
When binary explosives are mixed they are
explosive
43
What is the most hazardous explosive compound ? What is it composed of?
Black Powder, 75% potassium nitrate, 15% charcoal, 10% sulfur
44
What is used in safety and time fuzes and how is it identified
black powder and a black core
45
What does the center core of det. cord contain
PETN, HMX, and RDX
46
When can propellant reach detonating velocities
when boosted with a cap and confined
47
What is the definition of an explosive train
a train of combustible and explosive elements arranged in order of decreasing sensitivity
48
What is the definition of primary explosives
primary explosives are sensitive explosives that ( almost always) detonate by simple ignition from heat shock or friction
49
What is the definition of a shockwave
It's the increase pressure that is generated by forcing air away from an exploding charge. This is referred to as the positive pressure wave, when the void is filled by air returning to that void it is referred to as the negative pressure wave
50
What is the definition of secondary/ tertiary explosives
explosives that require initiation by primary explosive. boosters act as a bridge between the initiator and an explosive charge that cannot be initiated by a blasting cap
51
What is a detonation
it's explosive reaction that moves faster than the speed of sound (+1125 fps)
52
What is deflagration
The rapid combustion at a rate less than the speed of sound
53
What is a binary explosive
explosives consisting of 2 separate components (oxidizer and fuel) when combined the resulting mixture in an explosive material
54
What explosive is used in non-electric blasting caps
Mercury fulminate WAS REPLACED WITH DDNP
55
What explosive is used in electric blasting caps
lead styphnate, intermediate charge of Lead azide, base charge of RDX
56
What explosive is used in small arms primer's and blasting caps
Lead styphnate (brown looks like cinnamon)
57
What are the 3 types of blasting caps
electric, non-electric (Lead styphnate, lead azide, rdx), electronic (has a programmable micro-chip)
58
Will squibs or electric matches initiate secondary explosives
No
59
What is the explosive found in shock-tube and what is shock-tube used for
Aluminized HMX and used to initiate non-electric blasting caps
60
Shock tube is used to connect an explosive train by what
Transmitting a shockwave through a hollow tube at 6500 fps
61
What is the most sensitive of secondary explosives
Nitroglycerin ( used in nitro-dynamite)
62
What is used as the base explosive in many commercial explosives
TNT (trinitrotoluene)
63
What is PETN used for
Commonly used for det-cord, the main charge in blasting caps, boosters, and commercial shaped charges
64
What is RDX used for
Commonly used as the base explosive for many other commercial explosives, a combination of COMP-a, b, c, and semtex
65
What is important to know about TOVEX
Tovex can be submerged in water or poured into a hole as a slurry, it has a water-gel texture
66
What type of explosive is ammonium nitrate
a binary secondary explosive
67
What is DETA sheet used for
cutting shaped charges, water bottle shots, hydro jets
68
Where is semtex made and why is it important
made in the czech republic, commonly used by bad guys, quality control
69
What 3 explosives fillers can the center core of de-cord contain
PETN, RDX, AND HMX
70
When can propellants reach detonating velocities
when boosted with a cap, when confined (pipe)

HDS 2021 (24 decks)

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