Collective Action Flashcards

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1
Q

Recent protest movements:

A
  • Mapping protests held in solidarity with palestine
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2
Q

Collective action:

A
  • “A group member engages in collective action anytime that he or she is acting as a representative of the group and the action is directed at improving the condition of the entire group.” (Wright, Taylor, & Moghaddam, 1990)
    • “Collective action is traditionally defined as any action that aims to improve the status, power, or influence of an entire group, rather than that of one or a few individuals” (van Zomeren & Iyer, 2009)
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3
Q

Points to keep in mind:

A
  • An individual can engage in collective action alone
    • People can engage in collective action to defend other groups - solidarity-based collective action, allyship
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4
Q

Nonviolent collective action:

A
  • Boycotts
    • Marches
    • Freedom rides
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5
Q

Violent collective action:

A
  • Terrorism
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6
Q

Collective action may seek to:

A
  • Attenuate an existing hierarchy (human rights groups)
    • Defend or enhance an existing hierarchy or create a new hierarchy (e.g., right-wing groups)
    • Sidanius and Pratto, 2012
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7
Q

Grievances:

A
  • People generally take collective action to oppose an injustice against a group blamed on an outgroup
    • Greater perceived injustice against one’s group is associated with greater engagement in collective action (meta-analysis by van Zomeren et al., 2008 shows correlational and causal links, 65 independent samples, N=15,855)
    • Grievances are at the heart of both nonviolent and violent collective action
    • Grievances can be of different types: social, economic, political, environmental grievances. (van Stekelenburg & Klandermans, 2013)
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8
Q

Grievances - group deprivation:

A
  • Relative deprivation theory:
    • Awareness of shared grievances
    • Egoistic vs fraternal deprivation (or group deprivation)
    • See meta-analysis by Smith and Ortiz (2002) and by Smith et al (2012)
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9
Q

Grievances - relative deprivation:

A

· Relative Deprivation Theory: what matters is people’s subjective relative sense of deprivation (relative) rather than their objective deprivation (Smith et al., 2012).
· Relative deprivation rests on social comparison.
· Group members experience deprivation depending on their reference point.
· Deprivation can result from comparison with:
- an outgroup
- the ingroup’s past situation
- a desired situation for the ingroup

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10
Q

Collective action model:

A

· Perceived injustice (grievances) + collective action
· Perceived efficacy + collective action
· Identification + collective action

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11
Q

Efficacy:

A

· Although people are discontented in many places all over the world, they do not always protest about their state of affairs
· If people one day choose life, then destiny must respond
- Meta-analysis by van Zomeren et al (2008) shows that efficacy perceptions positively predict collective action (correlational and casual links, using 53 independent samples, N = 12,758)

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12
Q

Group efficacy:

A

· The belief that it is possible to address grievances through collective action (see Mummendey et al, 1999)

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13
Q

Social identity:

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· Social Identity approach: individuals take collective action on behalf of groups their care about and identify with. (Tajfel & Turner, 1979)
· Social identification: “that part of an individual’s self-concept which derives from his [sic] knowledge of membership of a social group (or groups) together with the emotional significance attached to that membership” (Tajfel, 1981, p.251).

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14
Q

Identity:

A

· Direct positive effects of social identification with a disadvantaged group or social movement on collective action (meta-analysis by van Zomeren et al., 2008 shows correlational and causal links, using 64 independent samples, N= 10,051).

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15
Q

Social identity model of collective action (SIMCA):

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· Social identity has both direct and indirect effects on collective action
· Indirect effects:
- identification with one’s group is linked to stronger feelings of injustice against one’s group, which leads to greater collective action engagement
- Identification with one’s group is linked to a stronger sense of efficacy to achieve the desired social change for the group, which leads to greater collective action engagement

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16
Q

Emotions:

A

· Affective reactions to injustice are more powerful predictors than perceptions of injustice or relative deprivation (see meta-analyses by van Zomeren et al., 2008; Smith et al., 2012).
· Anger is a prototypical emotion associated with collective action

17
Q

Emotions 2:

A

· Different emotions can predict different types of collective action.
· Group-based anger toward the outgroup is positively associated with nonviolent forms of collective action (e.g. Tausch et al., 2011).
· Violent collective action: emotions other than anger may be at play: Contempt (Tausch et al., 2011)

18
Q

Emotions 3:

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· Researchers explore the role of different emotions:
- in motivating collective action (e.g. anger, contempt, pride, sympathy, guilt)
- in inhibiting collective action (e.g. fear)

19
Q

Identity 2:

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· Identification with a disadvantaged group e.g., black, woman
· Politicised identification e.g., black lives matter, feminist

20
Q

Identity - politicised identification:

A

· identification with a social movement (Simon & Klandermans, 2001) is a more proximal predictor of collective action than identification with the disadvantaged group:
- It specifies the target that we should move against
- It creates an inner obligation to act in line with what the group stands for.
- It can also be more inclusive of people who belong to powerful or third-party groups.
· (see van Stekelenburg & Klandermans, 2013)

21
Q

Identity 3:

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· Meta-analysis by van Zomeren et al. (2008) shows politicized identification is a stronger predictor of collective action than identification with the disadvantaged group

22
Q

Dual pathway model of collective action (Sturmer and Simon, 2004):

A

· Two pathways to collective action:
1. Identity pathway (intrinsic motivation)
2. Instrumental pathway (cost-benefit calculations-extrinsic motivation)
a. Collective motive
b. Social motive
c. Reward motive

23
Q

Dual pathway model of collective action (Sturmer and Simon, 2004) - identity pathway:

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· The social identity approach (Tajfel & Turner, 1979)
- Politicized identification as the main proximal predictor of collective action

24
Q

Dual pathway model of collective action (Sturmer and Simon, 2004) - instrumental pathway:

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· The model is built on:
- The expectancy-value theory: behavior results from the value of the expected outcomes of that behavior. (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980)

25
Q

Dual pathway model of collective action (Sturmer and Simon, 2004) - collective motive:

A

· Value of the collective benefits the movement seeks to acquire (e.g. equal pay, anti-discrimination law, policy change)
· Expected achievement of the collective benefits through collective action

26
Q

Dual pathway model of collective action (Sturmer and Simon, 2004) - social motive:

A

· Collective action does not happen in a social vacuum.
· Collective action happens within social networks (e.g. family, friends, co-workers)
· The more connected an individual is to others
1. who encourage protesting (expectancy)
2. Whom they care about (value) the more likely they are to take part in collective action.
· Also called the normative motive (norms surrounding participation)

27
Q

Dual pathway model of collective action (Sturmer and Simon, 2004) - reward motive:

A

· Personal outcomes affect whether people take part in collective action:
- Individuals are more motivated to engage if they expect important personal benefits from engagement:
- e.g. social contact (fun with friends)
- e.g. risks from repression (e.g. losing one’s job, risk to safety, arrests, injuries, killings) or other risks (e.g. risk to health while protesting during the pandemic)

28
Q

Dual pathway model of collective action (Sturmer and Simon, 2004) - instrumental pathway:

A

· The model is also built on:
- Collective action theory: collective benefits of social movement participation are insufficient because people may free-ride, so they need selective benefits for participation (incentives) (e.g. Olson, 1968)