Cold War (the cold war develops)

Question 1

What were Truman’s concerns at this point which led to the creation of the Truman Doctrine?

Answer 1

• Europe was devastated after the war
• In many countries, people had no money, no jobs and were feeling helpless
• Communism was attractive to these people, especially in France and Italy: it made people have enough
• Some countries in Europe already had communist governments, and Truman feared that this could happen in other countries too

Question 2

What was special about Greece and Turkey that concerned Truman?

Answer 2

their governments were too poor to combat communist revolutions in their own country

Question 3

What was the domino effect?

Answer 3

If Greece and Turkey became communist, then other countries across Europe and the Middle East would follow

Question 4

When did the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan become set out?

Answer 4

In 1947

Question 5

What features were in the Truman Doctrine?

Answer 5

• Countries faced a choice of either capitalism or communism
• Communism was bad because it meant that people could not be free
• USA must try to contain
  this spread of communism.
• The USA should provide money and troops (if necessary) to help free governments to combat communist takeovers.

Question 6

What are some features about the Marshall Plan?

Answer 6

• About 13 billion dollars from USA to help rebuild Europe
• Countries must trade with USA to get the money
• Sixteen Western European countries took the money, including Britain, France and West Germany

Question 7

What did the Soviet Union say about the Marshall Plan?

Answer 7

• Stalin called the Marshall Plan ‘dollar imperialism’ and claimed the USA
  was trying to control industry and trade in Europe
• He believed that it sought to undermine communism and to promote the spread of
  capitalism across the globe.
• He refused to accept any economic aid and stopped any Eastern bloc country applying for it.

Question 8

Why did Stalin set up Comecon and Cominform?

Answer 8

To support Eastern European countries and to prevent them from applying for Marshall Aid

Question 9

When did Stalin set up Cominform?

Answer 9

1947

Question 10

When did Stalin set up Comecon?

Answer 10

1949

Question 11

What was Cominform?

Answer 11

an alliance of European communist parties to help them plan and to work together and spread Stalin’s ideas

Question 12

What were the key features of Cominform?

Answer 12

• Comiform got rid of any opposition to the Soviet Union’s control in Satellite states
• It increased the control Stalin had over these countries, and limited their independence.
• It encouraged communist parties in Western Countries to block Marshall Plan assistance

Question 13

What were the key features of Comecon?

Answer 13

• It built up trade links between Comecon countries.
• It also prevented Comecon countries signing up to the Marshall Plan.

Question 14

What was Comecon?

Answer 14

Soviet Union’s alternative to the
Marshall Plan

Question 15

Consequences of Comecon and Cominform?

Answer 15

• Western Europe was connected to the USA through the Marshall Plan and Containment
• Eastern Europe was connected to the USSR as satellite states

Question 16

What was the Iron Curtain?

Answer 16

A line that divided the two spheres of influence (Western and Eastern Europe)

Question 17

When was NATO set up and what does it stand for?

Answer 17

1949, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

Question 18

What is NATO?

Answer 18

• A military alliance based around the principle of collective security; if one country was attacked other countries had to assist it.
• NATO was directed against a possible military attack from the Soviet Union on Western Europe.

Question 19

Why was NATO significant?

Answer 19

• showed that the United States nor Western European governments were prepared to accept future Soviet aggression.
• The Soviet Union therefore
  strengthened its control over Eastern Europe, by the formation of the Warsaw Pact in 1955.

Question 20

What part of Germany did the USSR control?

Answer 20

East Germany and East Berlin

Question 21

What did the USA want for Germany?

Answer 21

The USA wanted a united, capitalist Germany that it could trade with and would help prevent the spread of communism.

Question 22

What did the USSR want for Germany?

Answer 22

The Soviet Union wanted Germany to be weak,communist and divided, so that it would never be able to attack the Soviet Union again.

Question 23

Why did Bizonia form?

Answer 23

The British and US zones joined together, as it would be easier to administer, forming Bizonia

Question 24

How did ‘West Germany’ form from Bizonia?

Answer 24

The French zone of occupation was added to Bizonia

Question 25

What were the causes for the Berlin Crisis/Blockade?

Answer 25

• Britain, France and the USA introduced a new currency called the ‘Deutsch mark’ to western Germany, which was intended to help it become economically stronger.
• There was a crisis, as capitalism was drawing many people away from the communist east towards greater opportunities and freedoms in the west

Question 26

What did Stalin think of West Germany?

Answer 26

• Stalin felt threatened by Germany’s growing strength
• Stalin was angry that the west had not consulted him before making changes in their zones of Germany

Question 27

When was the Berlin Crisis/Blockade?

Answer 27

1948-1949

Question 28

What happened in the Blockade?

Answer 28

-In June 1948 the Soviet Union closed all road, rail and canal links into West Berlin
- The Soviet Union blocked all supplies into
Berlin to starve the inhabitants into submission

Question 29

How did the West respond to the Berlin Blockade?

Answer 29

With the Berlin Airlift

Question 30

What was the Berlin Airlift?

Answer 30

Where food, fuel and supplies
were flown into Berlin for 10 months.

Question 31

Why did Stalin not shoot down any planes during the Berlin Airlift?

Answer 31

As it would be an act of war

Question 32

When did Stalin call of the Blockade?

Answer 32

In May 1949

Question 33

What were the outcomes of the Berlin Crisis for West Germany?

Answer 33

• The Berlin Airlift made the USA appear
  peaceful and generous.
• In September 1949, West Germany (FDG)
  was officially formed, with US support.
• In April 1949, Western European countries
  and the USA formed NATO to counter the
  Soviet military threat.

Question 34

What were the outcomes of the Berlin Crisis for East Germany?

Answer 34

• The Berlin Blockade made the Soviet
  Union appear aggressive and threatening.
• In October 1949, East Germany (GDR)
  was officially formed.
• In May 1955, the Soviet Union formed
  the Warsaw Pact to counter the military
  threat from NATO.