Cognitive Processes - Ruff

Question 1

Define cognition:

Answer 1

Our internal life.

It integrates many kinds of information to create a perceptual “whole.”

Guides behavior

Question 2

What is a default network?

Why should you care?

Answer 2

The default network is the parts of your brain that are active at “rest”

Involves: day-dreaming, personal memories, envisioning the future, and moral decisions

Question 3

What is the task-positive network?

Answer 3

Parts of your brain that are active when performing specific tasks

Question 4

Do any mental disorders show disturbances in the default network?

Answer 4

Yes.

Depression, OCD, Schizophrenia, and autism

Question 5

Difference between unimodal and multimodal cortical organization of the association cortices?

Answer 5

Unimodal - integrates info within one sensory modality

Multimodal - Integrates info across sensory modalities and from other sources

Question 6

What kinds of cells are receiving the input going into layer 4 of the primary sensory cortex?

Answer 6

stellate cells

Question 7

What layer of the cortex is recieving unimodal and multimodal input from the thalamus?

Answer 7

Layer 4

Question 8

What are the unimodal inputs going through the thalamus into layer 4?

Answer 8

Retina - lat. geniculate - layer 4 - Primary Visual Cortex

Cochlea - Med. Geniculate - Primary Auditory Cortex

Skin - VPL - Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Question 9

What are the multimodal inputs going through the thalamus into layer 4 and where do they output?

Answer 9

Association Cortex - Pulvinar - Parietotemporal and Visual Association Cortex

Sup. Colliulus, olfactory cortex, amygdala, pallidum - MD thalamus - frontal eye fields, ant. congulate

Association Cortex, ant. cingualte, retina - LP thalamus - parietal and visual association cortex, anterior cingulate, striatum

Hypothalamus, hippocampus, cingulate - ant. thalamus - posterior cingulate

Question 10

layers 2 and 3 send outputs to?

Answer 10

Other cortical areas?

Question 11

Layers 5 and 6 send outputs to:

Answer 11

6 to thalamus

5 to brainstem, striatum, and spinal cord

Question 12

Explain the differences between the dominant and non-dominant hemisphere’s parietal association cortex:

Answer 12

• Nondominant hemisphere
– Attention
– Visuospatial localization: searching or reaching for an object
– Spatial relationships: binding the elements of a visual scene together into a single image

• Dominant hemisphere
– Skilled movements
– Right-left orientation

Question 13

If you are trying to listen for your name to be called for a table in a noisy restaurant, what part of you brain are you working?

Answer 13

non-dominant parietal association cortex

Question 14

You ask a stroke patient to show you how they would hammer in a nail. They grab their left arm with their right hand as if it were a hammer and gesture swinging the hammer to pound a nail. Anything wrong here?

Answer 14

Yes, if the patient has trouble with tasks like this it is called ideomotor apraxia.

Using the body in place of an imaginary tool indicates damage.

The damage will be in the posterior parietal cortex of the dominant hemisphere

Question 15

Let’s say an individual gets a tumor in the area of the non-dominant posterior parietal cortex. What is a possible deficit?

Answer 15

Spatial neglect

(ignore everything in the opposite visual field. Drawing things, food on a plate, strange limb in their bed that happens to be their leg… etc.

Question 16

If your inferior temporal cortex is damaged it is possible you can develop what problem?

Answer 16

Recognition problems like:

Prosopagnosia, the inability to recognize faces

Question 17

If you can only recognize an object after you touch it, despite having intact visual senses, then you probably have which disorder?
What kind of lesion might you have?

Answer 17

Visual agnosia

Damage would be in the visual cortex (unimodal)

Question 18

Damage to the unimodal somatosensory cortex would mean that you could only identify an object after….?

Answer 18

You could see it/ hear it/ etc.

Identifying an object in a bag by touch without looking would be impossible.

Question 19

What kind of lesion would make the Wisconsin card-sorting game very frustrating?

Answer 19

A pre-frontal cortex lesion

Question 20

What direction does maturation of the cortex occur?

Answer 20

Roughly a posterior to anterior gradient

Local connnection first, then long-range

Last areas to mature are often first to degenerate

Question 21

What happens to gray matter as the cortex matures?

Answer 21

Gray matter becomes thinner as axonal connections become more robust

Question 22

<p>Doing very poorly on the stroop test might indicate what sort of lesion?</p>

Answer 22

<p>posterior parietal cortex since it tests selective attention</p>

<p> </p>

<p>(This is an edit from Victoria. I had mislabeled this one! Sorry guys!)</p>