cognitive pack three - long term + contemporary study

Question 1

explanation of long term memory Tulving

Answer 1

msm to simlistic and inflexible
at least two types of ltm containing different information
semantic and episodic

Question 2

episodic memory

Answer 2

out ability to recall events and episodes in our lives
your memory of a sigle episode includes several elemets
autobiographcal
allows us to experience them again in a personal way more prone to distortion

Question 3

semantic memory

Answer 3

knowledge about the world including facts
mental encyclopedia and dictionary meaning of words
mentall represent thngs eg objects places
less susceptable to distortion
not time stamped
less personal

Question 4

th nature of memory
semantic v episodic

Answer 4

semantic - mental encyclopedia , words facts rules
organised body or knowledge
these memories assosiated with other facts linked together

episodic - mental diary about events and experiences that occur at a time in our life
linked to a time and concept

Question 5

time referencing
semantic v episodic

Answer 5

seantic - memories detached from any time referncing
factual knowledge recalled without linking it o time it was learned

episodic - dependent on time referencing memmoroes and events are linked to the time they happened

Question 6

retrieval
semantic v episodic

Answer 6

semantic - can opprate independantly of episodic memory

episodic - unlikley to opperate without semantic- may need previous knowledhe / facts

Question 7

evidence for tulvings theory of long term memory

Answer 7

case studies of brain damaged patients - k.c following a otot=rcycle accident episodic memory was damaged( couldnt recall personal events from his life ) but semantic memorywas still intact ( recollection of facts )
h.m episodic memory was severly impaired as a result of brain damage but semantic memory was relitively intacty

comes from brain scans show that different parts of the brain are used for episodic and semantic memory

Question 8

eidence against tulvings theory of long term memory

Answer 8

research has hsown that long term memory may include more than just semantic and episodic memory
h.m and clive wearing both had brain damage that affecter their abilit to retain and recall episodic memories but could rememer tasks such as how to play the piano and could learn new skills suggess a third type of memory

Question 9

methedology for tulvings theory of long term memory

Answer 9

the use of brain scanning techniques increase the scientific credibility

methods of testing lack validity as they cannot be suddied in absolute isolation from one another eg learing a lsit of words is episodic and semantic 9 meaning of the words
using case studies lack of control vaiable little knowledge about persons memory before so cant nessesarily makke meaningfull comparisons

Question 10

applications for tulvings theory of ltm

Answer 10

useful for aiding memory recall semantic knowledge could be encoded to episodic by using a nemonic for students revison

Question 11

alternative theory for tulvigs theory of ltm

Answer 11

bartletts theory of reconstructive memory - memory involves active recostruction of events and is therefore changeable .

Question 12

Bartletts theory of reconstructive memory 1932

Answer 12

argued thaat memory was not like a tape recorder and can be changed and transformed
showed british participants a folk tale from a different culture and got them to reproduce it
used story as it was culturally unfamiliar
lacked rational order
the dramatic natre of the story would encourage visual imaging
the conclusion was supernaturaal and barttlet wanted to see how participantswould perceive this

when participants reproduced it through seriaal reproduction the story transformed over time - became shorter and details especially unfamiliar ones were left out

he concluded that memory is rarely accurate and prone to
omissions - leaving out parts that diddnt make sense
rationalisation - making the story mor logical
transformation - putting part of the story in a differnet order or changing words to more familiar words

memory is reconstructive - the perception of something involves active construction of what we think we are seeing and what we already know
previous knowledge is used to interpret info
use schemas to fill in gaps as we dont remember everything that we perceive

Question 13

evidence for barteleets explanation of rconstructve memory

Question 14

scemas

Answer 14

parcels of knowledge of information for a specific object or event