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Neuro - Week 4 > Cognitive Disorders > Flashcards

Cognitive Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

95% of Alzheimer’s cases present after this age

A

65

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2
Q

Does early or late onset Alzheimer’s have a more rapid progression with more pronounced structural loss?

A

Early onset

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3
Q

Alzheimer’s involves an accumulation of these two proteins, and is associated with progressive brain atrophy

A

Beta-amyloid plaques and Tau protein

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4
Q

Gene mutation of amyloid precursor protein is associated with early onset Alzheimer’s, and is found on this chromosome

A

21

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5
Q

Gene mutation of presenilin 1 is associated with early onset Alzheimer’s, and is found on this chromosome

A

14

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6
Q

Gene mutation of apolipoprotein E gene is associated with late onset Alzheimer’s, and is found on this chromosome

A

19

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7
Q

Mutation in this gene is associated with early onset Alzheimer’s, and is found on chromosome 21

A

Amyloid precursor protein

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8
Q

Mutation in this gene is associated with early onset Alzheimer’s, and is found on chromosome 14

A

Presenilin 1

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9
Q

Mutation in this gene is associated with late onset Alzheimer’s, and is found on chromosome 19

A

Apolipoprotein E

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10
Q

The signature lesions of this condition are neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in cortical and medial temporal lobes of the brain

A

Alzheimer’s

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11
Q

Neuritic plaques consist of this protein

A

Beta amyloid protein

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12
Q

Neuritic plaques consist of beta amyloid protein, and are formed by processing of this

A

Amyloid precursor proteins

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13
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles are common in these two locations of the brain in Alzheimer’s patients

A

Hippocampus and Cerebral cortex

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14
Q

Neurofibrillary tangles are composed of this

A

Abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau proteins
(support the neuron’s microtubule system)

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15
Q

Are neurofibrillary tangles composed of hypo- or hyperphosphorylated tau proteins?

A

Hyperphosphorylated

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16
Q

Abnormally hyperphosphorylated tau proteins form this lesion that is characteristic in Alzheimer’s disease

A

Neurofibrillary tangles

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17
Q

This part of the brain is especially noted to shrink in Alzheimer’s disease

A

Hippocampus

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18
Q

In Alzheimer’s disease, deposition of this may parallel local inflammatory/immunologic alternations

A

Amyloid

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19
Q

Loss of this activity in hippocampus and cortex correlates with Alzheimer’s disease severity

A

Cholinergic activity

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20
Q

This condition is a progressive memory impairment with some sparing of procedural (motor) memory

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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21
Q

Is procedural (motor) memory spared in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Some yes
(may have aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, executive dysfunction)

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22
Q

This is a highly sensitive test that can assess the severity of Alzheimer’s disease

A

Montreal cognitive assessment (MOCA)

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23
Q

MRI or CT of a patient with Alzheimer’s disease will show a decrease in this

A

Grey matter volume

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24
Q

In Alzheimer’s disease, is grey or white matter volume decreased?

A

Grey

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25
Q

When imaging Alzheimer’s disease, amyloid plaque deposition will be seen in this type of scan

A

PET

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26
Q

Does this describe dementia, pseudodementia, or normal aging:
Severe memory loss with decrease in IQ

A

Dementia

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27
Q

Does this describe dementia, pseudodementia, or normal aging:
Moderate memory loss with no change in IQ

A

Pseudodementia
(depression that mimics dementia)

28
Q

Does this describe dementia, pseudodementia, or normal aging:
Minor forgetfulness with no change in IQ and no disruption of normal life

A

Normal aging

29
Q

This measure is decreased in dementia but not pseudodementia or normal aging

30
Q

Centrally acting inhibitors of this enzyme may be used to treat Alzheimer’s disease

A

Cholinesterase
(Increase and prolong acetylcholine concentrations at the synapse)

31
Q

This is an NMDA receptor antagonist that may be used to treat Alzheimer’s disease

32
Q

Donepezil is a centrally acting inhibitor of this enzyme, and can be used to treat Alzheimer’s disease

A

Cholinesterase

33
Q

Rivastigmine is a centrally acting inhibitor of this enzyme, and can be used to treat Alzheimer’s disease

A

Cholinesterase

34
Q

This is the preferred formulation of centrally acting cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer’s disease

A

Rivastigmine Patch

35
Q

The presumed MOA of this drug in Alzheimer’s disease is reduction in glutamatergic overstimulation at the NMDA receptor

36
Q

What is the MOA of Memantine in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Reduction in glutamatergic overstimulation at the NMDA receptor

37
Q

These receptors in CNS appear critical for memory formation, but overstimulation is damaging

38
Q

This type of drug for Alzheimer’s disease has a black box warning of increased risk of death by cardiovascular or infectious diseases in elderly demented patients (risk highest in patients with Lewy body dementia)

A

Antipsychotics

39
Q

Antipsychotics have a black box warning of increased risk of death from these diseases in elderly demented patients

A

Cardiovascular / infectious diseases

40
Q

Type of dementia characterized by impaired attention, early language changes, and memory can be intact

A

Fronto-temporal dementia

41
Q

Type of dementia that is more likely to have concurrent motor deficits

A

Vascular dementia

42
Q

Vascular dementia is more likely to have concurrent deficits of this type

43
Q

Dementia that must have attention and executive function deficits, and delayed memory impairment

A

Dementia with Lewy Bodies

44
Q

In Dementia with lewy bodies, this impairment must be delayed

45
Q

Patients with this type of dementia may have fluctuating cognition, recurrent visual hallucinations, REM sleep disruptions early in disease, and spontaneous features of parkinsonism

A

Dementia with lewy bodies

46
Q

Type of dementia with gradual progressive decline of general memory

A

Alzheimer’s disease

47
Q

Type of dementia that may be acute with recovery sometimes

48
Q

Type of dementia that may have visual hallucinations

49
Q

Parkinson’s develops about a year into disease with this type of dementia

50
Q

This condition develops about a year into disease with Dementia with lewy bodies

A

Parkinson’s

51
Q

Type of dementia characterized by deficits in attention, language changes, early and odd behaviors often noted

A

Frontotemporal

52
Q

Is delirium acute or delayed onset?

A

Acute and sudden

53
Q

This condition is a disturbance in attention and awareness that develops over a short period of time and tends to fluctuate

54
Q

What are the two requirements of a delirium diagnosis?

A

Acute onset and fluctuating course
Inattention

55
Q

Is there reduced consciousness in delirium?

56
Q

Is there reduced consciousness in dementia?

57
Q

Is delirium short or long duration?

58
Q

Is there disorganized speech in delirium?

59
Q

Is there disorganized speech in dementia?

A

Mostly no (aphasia or anomia in severe states)

60
Q

Haloperidol is first-line therapy for this

A

Hyperactive delirium

61
Q

This drug is the first-line therapy for hyperactive delirium

A

Haloperidol

62
Q

This drug should be avoided in delirium due to its ability to worsen confusion, increase risk of falls, and disinhibited behaviors

A

Benzodiazepines

63
Q

What drug should be avoided in the treatment of delirium?

A

Benzodiazepines

64
Q

Risperidone, Quetiapine, Haloperidol, and Olanzapine are commonly used medications to treat this condition

65
Q

This benzodiazepine is preferable to other benzos in treating benzodiazepine, barbiturate or alcohol withdrawal delirium

Neuro - Week 4 (9 decks)

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