Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuro - Week 4 > Cerebrovascular Pathology > Flashcards

Cerebrovascular Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Hemorrhage between dura and skull

A

Epidural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Epidural hematoma most often involves this artery

A

Middle meningeal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Does Epidural hematoma require skull fracture?

A

Usually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

This type of hematoma appears lens-shape

A

Epidural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Does Epidural hematoma involve arterial or venous pressure?

A

Arterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

This hematoma forms biconcave (lentiform) hemorrhage

A

Epidural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Does Epidural hematoma cross suture lines?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Type of hematoma that occurs from trauma with loss of consciousness (concussion), lucid interval of couple hours or less, than rapid decompensation

A

Epidural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Epidural hematoma usually occurs with skull fracture, and favors these two bones

A

Temporal and parietal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Collection of hemorrhage between dura and meninges

A

Subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Does Subdural hematoma involve arterial or venous pressure?

A

Venous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

This type of hematoma occurs in situations in which the brain moves relative to skull

A

Subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Subdural hematoma is usually a rupture of this type of vessel

A

Bridging veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Type of hematoma that occurs from trauma and sheering of bridging veins

A

Subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Type of hematoma that results in relatively low pressure venous bleeding

A

Subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In a Subdural hematoma, does blood enter sulci?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In a Subdural hematoma, does blood cross suture lines?

A

Yes - it can

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

This type is a crescent shaped hematoma

A

Subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Category of Subdural hematoma that is a rapid accumulation of blood due to high impact trauma

A

Acute Subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

With a Subdural hematoma, symptoms occur immediately within this many days

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Category of Subdural hematoma that may occur with mild or without any trauma

A

Chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

This type of hematoma may occur without trauma and typically in elderly patients

A

Chronic Subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

If symptoms develop in a chronic Subdural hematoma, they develop after this much time

A

3 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Shaken baby syndrome can involve this type of hematoma

A

Acute Subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Blunt force trauma or Acceleration-deceleration injury can cause this type of hematoma

A

Acute Subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Is there a lucid interval with Epidural hematoma?

A

Yes - of a couple hours or less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Is there a lucid interval with acute Subdural hematoma?

A

Possibly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A patient with a headache that may be unilateral and occurs when changing positions may have this type of hematoma

A

Acute Subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Are there focal signs with an acute Subdural hematoma?

A

+/-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Does acute Subdural hematoma affect intracranial pressure?

A

Increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

This type of hematoma requires high energy trauma

A

Acute Subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Increased ICP and herniation are possible with this type of hematoma

A

Acute Subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

With this type of hematoma, blood is hyperdense on CT

A

Acute Subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Elderly, alcohol abuse, and anticoagulation are risk factors for this type of hematoma

A

Chronic Subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How might a chronic Subdural hematoma occur in pediatrics?

A

With trauma, including abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

This type of hematoma involves stretched bridging veins, and the patient may not recall any trauma

A

Chronic Subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Are there focal signs with chronic Subdural hematoma?

A

May have focal signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

“Pseudodementia” may be seen with this type of hematoma

A

Chronic Subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

With this type of hematoma, blood is hypodense on CT

A

Chronic Subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

In an acute Subdural hematoma, is blood on CT hyperdense or hypodense?

A

Hyperdense (looks bright)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

In a chronic Subdural hematoma, is blood on CT hyperdense or hypodense?

A

Hypodense (looks duller)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Is there a history of trauma with an Acute on chronic subdural hematoma?

A

Often with mild or no history of trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

This type of hematoma may present weeks or months after trauma

A

Acute on chronic subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

With this type of hematoma, the initial hematoma organizes (membrane), and granulation tissue veins are prone to rupture
Forms layers of repeat bleeding

A

Acute on chronic subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

This type of hematoma shows layers and septation on CT

A

Acute on chronic subdural hematoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

This is an abrupt onset neurologic deficit, lasting >24 hours due to vascular cause

A

Stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How long does a stroke last?

A

> 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

This is also known as cerebrovascular accident/CVA

A

Stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Hypoglycemia may lead to an inability to use this, leading to hypoxic CVA

A

Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What CNS cells are the most vulnerable to ischemic injury?

A

Neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Transient ischemia may result in neuronal loss and preservation of these cells

A

Glial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

This may result in neuronal loss and preservation of glial cells

A

Transient ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What 3 brain regions are most vulnerable to ischemic injury?

A

Hippocampus (especially Sommer’s sector (CA1))
Purkinje cells of cerebellum
Pyramidal neurons of cerebral cortex layers 3 and 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

This sector of the hippocampus is especially vulnerable to ischemic injury

A

Sommer’s sector (CA1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Purkinje cells in this part of the brain are vulnerable to ischemic injury

A

Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Pyramidal neurons of these cerebral cortex layers are most vulnerable to ischemic injury

A

3 and 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Watershed regions between vascular supplies occurs especially with this type of hypoperfusion

A

Global

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

This is a region of brain tissue that is at risk of dying but may be salvageable if blood flow is restored promptly

A

Penumbra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Is there recovery potential after ischemic/hypoxic CVA?

A

Yes - depends on blood flow
(ischemic penumbra exists at the 8-10 ml/100g/min range)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is seen first morphologically in ischemic/hypoxic CVA?

A

Red neurons
(6-24 hours)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Is necrosis with neutrophils or macrophages seen first in an ischemic/hypoxic CVA?

A

Necrosis (usually liquefactive) with neutrophils (24-72 hours)
(macrophages appear after 3-4 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

After how much time are red neurons seen in an ischemic/hypoxic CVA?

A

6-24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

After how much time is necrosis with neutrophils seen in an ischemic/hypoxic CVA?

A

24-72 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

After how much time are macrophages seen in an ischemic/hypoxic CVA?

A

3-4 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

After how much time is gliosis seen in an ischemic/hypoxic CVA?

66
Q

Morphology of this condition shows red neurons first, then necrosis with neutrophils, macrophages, edema, and gliosis

A

Ischemic/hypoxic CVA

67
Q

What are three causes of shock?

A

Hypovolemia
Septic
Cardiogenic

68
Q

This cause of ischemia results in a global decrease in mean arterial pressure or oxygenation
Entire brain is ischemic

A

Hypoperfusion

69
Q

Watershed infarction is a pattern of this

A

Global ischemia

70
Q

These regions of vascular supply are most vulnerable to hypoxia/low perfusion states

A

Terminal ends

71
Q

What constitutes “watershed” zones of vascular supplies?

A

Overlap zones of vascular distributions

72
Q

Overlap zones of vascular distributions (MCA, ACA, PCA) constitute this

A

Watershed zones

73
Q

Infarcts at watershed zones are due to this

A

Low perfusion states (e.g. shock)

74
Q

This is a preferential ischemia of cerebral layers 3 and 5, leading to a layer of necrosis between superficial and deep layers of viable tissue

A

Cortical laminar necrosis

75
Q

Cortical laminar necrosis is a preferential ischemia of these cerebral layers

76
Q

Cortical laminar necrosis can be seen in this cause of ischemia

A

Hypoperfusion

77
Q

What are the three main causes of ischemia?

A

Hypoperfusion
Thrombosis
Embolism

78
Q

Cause of vascular obstruction that tends to be pale/bland (non-hemorrhagic) infarct

A

Thrombosis

79
Q

Cause of vascular obstruction that may be hemorrhagic with clot dissolution

80
Q

Vascular occlusion due to luminal blood clot

A

Thrombosis

81
Q

Thrombosis of large vessels typically occurs at these types of vessels

A

Branching points; sites of atherosclerosis
(due to turbulence)

82
Q

Thrombosis of this type of vessel is a common location for hypertensive vascular disease

A

Small vessels

83
Q

Small vessels are common locations for this type of vascular disease

A

hypertensive

84
Q

Lenticulostriate artery and pontine branches of basilar artery are common sites of this type of vascular disease

A

Hypertensive; small vessel thrombosis

85
Q

Large vessel thrombosis is usually due to this type of vascular disease

A

Atherosclerotic

86
Q

In large vessel thrombosis, plaque causes luminal narrowing, then ruptures to expose underlying lipid and collagen, causing this

A

Formation of fibrin clot (thrombus)

87
Q

This is a condition characterized by the thickening and hardening of the walls of small arteries (arterioles)

A

Arteriolosclerosis

88
Q

Does Arteriolosclerosis involve a thickening of small or large vessels?

89
Q

These two parts of the brain are common sites of small cystic lesions from hypertensive vascular disease

A

Basal ganglia and pons

90
Q

Lacunar infarct occurs from this type of vascular disease

A

Hypertensive

91
Q

This lesion is a hallmark of hypertensive cerebrovascular disease

A

Lacunar infarct

92
Q

Small vessel stroke to this structure of the brain causes pure motor hemiparesis, especially face, arm, leg

A

Posterior limb of IC / pons

93
Q

Small vessel stroke to this structure of the brain causes pure sensory stroke

A

Ventral thalamus

94
Q

Small vessel stroke to this structure of the brain causes ataxic hemiparesis

A

Ventral pons / internal capsule

95
Q

Small vessel stroke to this structure of the brain causes dysarthria and clumsy arm/hand

A

Ventral pons / IC genu

96
Q

When this type of embolus reaches the lungs, it can cause hypoxia and dyspnea

A

Fat/marrow

97
Q

How does a leg clot get to the brain?

A

Paradoxical embolus due to septal defect

98
Q

This artery is the most common site in the brain where an emboli lodges

A

Middle cerebral artery

99
Q

This type of embolus tends to send showers of emboli, leading to generalized CNS dysfunction

A

Fat and bone marrow

100
Q

Symptomatic temporary ischemia with full recovery

A

Transient ischemic attack

101
Q

How long does a Transient ischemic attack last?

A

<24 hours, usually less than an hour

102
Q

This type of ischemia occurs without infarction of brain, cochlea, or retina

A

Transient ischemic attack

103
Q

Transient ischemic attack is usually due to this

A

Embolism (from atherosclerotic plaque)

104
Q

What results in restoration of function after a Transient ischemic attack?

A

Thrombolysis

105
Q

After this, a patient has a subsequent high risk of embolic CVA

A

Transient ischemic attack

106
Q

Patients with this often have carotid or vertebrobasilar symptoms
(Amaurosis fugax, weakness or sensory loss, aphasia, homonymous visual field defects)

A

Transient ischemic attack

107
Q

What is the typical age of a patient with arteriosclerosis?

A

Middle age

108
Q

What is the most common location in the brain for arteriosclerosis?

A

Basal ganglia

109
Q

This occurs in hypertensive vasculopathy, and describes when muscle is replaced by hyalinized collagen and lipid, and elastic lamina is lost
Are fragile and prone to rupture and hemorrhage

A

Arteriolosclerosis (or lipohyalinosis)

110
Q

These are tiny, saccular dilatations of arterioles in the brain

A

Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms

111
Q

Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms are tiny, saccular dilatations of these vessels in the brain

A

Arterioles
(small, fragile vessels; seen in hypertensive vasculopathy)

112
Q

This is the second most common cause of intraparenchymal hemorrhage

A

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy

113
Q

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is associated with this condition seen in elderly

114
Q

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is often seen in patients of this age

115
Q

This is the most common location of Cerebral amyloid angiopathy

A

Cortical / lobar
(cerebrum and cerebellum)

116
Q

Beta amyloid deposits in vessels walls near cortex, in this condition that can cause intraparenchymal hemorrhage

A

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy

117
Q

In Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, this protein deposits in vessel walls near cortex

A

Beta amyloid
(same type as Alzheimer’s)

118
Q

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is associated with this allele

A

ApoE
(alleles e2 and e4)

119
Q

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is associated with these 2 ApoE alleles

120
Q

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is associated with mutations in this gene

A

APP (amyloid precursor protein)

121
Q

This condition that can cause intraparenchymal hemorrhage is associated with ApoE alleles e2 and e4, and APP gene mutations

A

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy

122
Q

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis is usually secondary to this

A

Hypercoagulable state

123
Q

Oral contraceptive use, dehydration, and Sickle Cell anemia are risk factors for this condition that is usually secondary to hypercoagulable state

A

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

124
Q

This is a collection of abnormal blood vessels that may be parenchymal or on the surface, often with dysfunctional/weak wall structure and direct arterio-venous connection

A

Arteriovenous malformation

125
Q

Malignancies, especially metastases, can cause this type of stroke

A

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage

126
Q

This condition can cause intraparenchymal hemorrhage, and it involves recurrent small vessel subcortical infarcts, extensive white matter disease, and dementia

A

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukomalacia (CADASIL)

127
Q

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukomalacia (CADASIL) can cause this type of stroke

A

Intraparenchymal hemorrhage

128
Q

This condition that can cause intraparenchymal hemorrhage involves a deposition of PAS positive misfolded Notch 3 protein in vessel walls

A

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukomalacia (CADASIL)

129
Q

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukomalacia (CADASIL) involves a deposition of this protein in vessel walls

A

PAS positive misfolded Notch 3 protein

130
Q

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukomalacia (CADASIL) is an extensive white matter disease that can cause this condition

131
Q

Hemorrhage in the arachnoid space between pia and dura

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

132
Q

Non-traumatic Subarachnoid hemorrhages are mostly due to this

A

Aneurysm rupture

133
Q

Arterial dilation due to weakness of wall

134
Q

This is the most common morphological type of aneurysm

A

Saccular / Berry aneurysm

135
Q

A pseudoaneurysm occurs due to this

A

Dissection

136
Q

Hypertension, atherosclerosis, genetics, and fibromuscular dysplasia can cause this, which can lead to a non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage

137
Q

This protein is defective in Marfans

138
Q

This protein is defective in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

139
Q

This protein is defective in ADPKD

A

Polycystin

140
Q

Valvular disease, bacterial endocarditis and paradoxical embolus can cause this type of aneurysm

A

Mycotic aneurysm

141
Q

Arteriovenous malformation is mostly seen in this age group

142
Q

This artery is the most common site of aneurysms in the brain

A

Anterior communicating artery

143
Q

What type of arteries do aneurysms usually arise at?

A

Branch points
(anterior communicating, posterior communicating, MCA bifurcation, internal carotid terminus, basilar bifurcation)

144
Q

Epidural hemorrhage stops at this

A

Suture lines

145
Q

Subdural hemorrhage stops at this

A

Dural reflections

146
Q

Does subarachnoid hemorrhage enter sulci?

147
Q

This type of hemorrhage involves global bleeding around the whole surface of the brain

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

148
Q

Blood in a lumbar puncture could indicate this type of hemorrhage

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

149
Q

In the pathophysiology of a subarachnoid hemorrhage, aneurysm ruptures, often after this

A

Acute increase in BP

150
Q

A Subarachnoid hemorrhage that irritates meninges will cause this

A

Meningitis signs
(neck stiffness, photophobia, Brudzinki sign, Kernig’s sign)

151
Q

A Subarachnoid hemorrhage that irritates the trigeminal nerve will cause this

A

Headache (very severe)

152
Q

Subarachnoid hemorrhage that irritates the Circle of Willis will cause this

A

Vasoconstriction

153
Q

How does Subarachnoid hemorrhage affect intracranial pressure?

A

Increases
(causing cerebral edema)

154
Q

What is Brudzinski sign?

A

Meningeal sign - passive flexion of neck causes flexion of both legs and thighs

155
Q

What is Kernig’s sign?

A

Meningeal sign - patient cannot fully extend knee when supine with hip flexed 90 degrees

156
Q

In a Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Circle of Willis vessels may constrict due to the irritation, causing this

A

Delayed cerebral ischemia

157
Q

This is the 2nd most frequent cause of death from a Subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

Delayed cerebral ischemia

158
Q

Delayed cerebral ischemia can occur this many days after Subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

3-20 days
(patient will seem like they recovered, then rapidly decompensate)

159
Q

This is a late complication of Subarachnoid hemorrhage that occurs due to fibrosis of arachnoid granulations

A

Hydrocephalus

160
Q

Is cerebral edema or Hydrocephalus a complication of Subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

BOTH
(increased intracranial pressure leads to cerebral edema, possible fibrosis of arachnoid granulations leads to hydrocephalus)

161
Q

This imaging is good for diagnosis of Subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

Non-contrast CT

162
Q

Other than a non-contrast CT, what other test can be done to diagnose Subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

Lumbar puncture
(will be bloody; Xanthochromia occurs later)

Neuro - Week 4 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions