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Neuro - Week 4 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

These four structures form the basal ganglia

A

Striatum (caudate and putamen)
Globus pallidus
Substantia nigra
Subthalamic nucleus

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2
Q

The striatum is made up of these two structures

A

Caudate and putamen

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3
Q

Component of the basal ganglia with an internal and external segment

A

Globus pallidus

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4
Q

What is the primary function of the basal ganglia?

A

Motor control
(in addition to cognitive function and emotions)

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5
Q

This brain structure is essential for automating motor tasks through repeated practice
Includes walking, running, cycling, playing a musical instrument, typing

A

Basal ganglia

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6
Q

Dysfunction of this brain structure occurs in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease

A

Basal ganglia

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7
Q

This is often called the ventral striatum

A

Nucleus accumbens

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8
Q

Part of the basal ganglia that is involved in decision making functions, such as motor control, emotion, habit formation, and reward

A

Striatum

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9
Q

This segment of the globus pallidus is known in rodents as the globus pallidus

A

External

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10
Q

This segment of the globus pallidus is known in rodents as the entopeduncular nucleus

A

Internal

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11
Q

Component of the basal ganglia that regulates movements that occur on the subconscious level

A

Globus pallidus

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12
Q

Imbalances in this component of the basal ganglia can result in jerks and other hyperkinetic movements

A

Globus pallidus

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13
Q

The subthalamic nucleus is located ventral to this

A

thalamus

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14
Q

The subthalamic nucleus is located dorsal to this

A

Substantia nigra

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15
Q

The subthalamic nucleus is located medial to this

A

Internal capsule

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16
Q

The principle neurons of the subthalamic nucleus use this neurotransmitter

A

Glutamate
(are excitatory)

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17
Q

Component of the basal ganglia that receives input from the motor cortex, external GPe, substantia nigra pars compacta, and pedunculopontine nucleus

A

Subthalamic nucleus

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18
Q

Component of the basal ganglia that is required to achieve intended movement, including locomotion, balance and motor coordination
Also involved in stopping or interrupting on-going motor tasks

A

Subthalamic nucleus

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19
Q

This component of the basal ganglia is involved in stopping or interrupting on-going motor tasks

A

Subthalamic nucleus

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20
Q

Midbrain structure that has two distinct parts: the pars compacta and pars reticulata

A

Substantia nigra

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21
Q

This is the source of dopaminergic pathway to the striatum
Loss of neurons in this area is the cause of Parkinson’s disease

A

Substantia nigra - pars compacta

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22
Q

Component of the basal ganglia that plays important role in eye movement, motor planning, reward-seeking, learning, and addition

A

Substantia nigra

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23
Q

The substantia nigra pars compacta is the source of this type of pathway to the striatum

A

Dopaminergic

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24
Q

The substantia nigra pars compacta is the source of dopaminergic pathway to this structure

A

Striatum

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25
Q

Loss of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta cause this condition

A

Parkinson’s disease

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26
Q

Part of the substantia nigra that is involved in learned responses to stimuli, temporal processing, and fine motor control

A

Pars compacta

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27
Q

These two pathways provide input to the basal ganglia

A

Corticostriatal
Nigrostriatal

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28
Q

The Substantia nigra pars compacta projects dopamine to the striatum, known as this pathway
Affected in Parkinson’s disease

A

Nigrostriatal

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29
Q

The basal ganglia sends major ouput to this structure

A

Thalamus
(which projects back to cortex via thalamo-cortical projections)

30
Q

The basal ganglia sends major output to thalamus, which projects to this

A

Cortex
(thalamo-cortical pathway)

31
Q

The striatum inhibits these two structures

A

Globus pallidus internus
Substantia nigra pars reticulata

32
Q

This structure inhibits the Globus pallidus internus and Substantia nigra pars reticulata

33
Q

Does the direct (D1) or indirect (D2) pathway send excitatory signals to the striatum?

34
Q

The striatum inhibits the GPi and SNpr as part of this basal ganglia pathway

A

Direct (D1) pathway

35
Q

Does the direct (D1) or indirect (D2) pathway of the basal ganglia facilitate movement?

A

Direct (D1)

36
Q

Do the GPi and SNpr send excitatory or inhibitory signals to the thalamus?

A

Inhibitory

37
Q

Are the GPi and SNpr inhibited in the direct (D1) or indirect (D2) basal ganglia pathway?

A

Direct (D1)

38
Q

Does the striatum excite or inhibit the GPe?

39
Q

Does the striatum excite or inhibit the GPi and SNpr?

40
Q

Does the GPe excite or inhibit the substantia nigra?

41
Q

Does the subthalamic nucleus excite or inhibit the Gpi and SNpr?

42
Q

Does the striatum or subthalamic nucleus have an excitatory effect on the GPi and SNr?

43
Q

Does the direct (D1) or indirect (D2) basal ganglia pathway involve the suppression of movement by increasing inhibition of thalamocortical neurons?

A

Indirect (D2)

44
Q

This basal ganglia pathway provides a quick and precise route for fine-tuning motor control without striatal involvement

A

Hyperdirect pathway

45
Q

The hyperdirect basal ganglia pathway involves direct cortical signals to this

A

Subthalamic nucleus

46
Q

Does the hyperdirect pathway of the basal ganglia result in excitation or inhibition of the thalamus?

A

Inhibits
(suppresses movement)

47
Q

Does the direct (D1) pathway of the basal ganglia result in disinhibition or inhibition of the thalamus?

A

Disinhibition
(facilitates movement)

48
Q

Does the indirect (D2) pathway of the basal ganglia result in excitation or inhibition of the thalamus?

A

Inhibition
(suppresses movement)

49
Q

Which basal ganglia pathway facilitates movement?

A

Direct (D1)

50
Q

Is Parkinson’s disease a hypokinetic or hyperkinetic disorder?

A

Hypokinetic

51
Q

Is Huntington’s disease a hypokinetic or hyperkinetic disorder?

A

Hyperkinetic

52
Q

This type of tremor is 3-5 Hz at rest
(normal is 8-13 Hz)

A

Parkinsonian

53
Q

Most common type of tremor that has many causes

A

Essential tremor

54
Q

Parkinsonian tremor is this frequency at rest

A

3-5 Hz
(normal is 8-13 Hz)

55
Q

Type of dyskinesia that involves brisk jerky involuntary movements that are fragments of purposeful movement, affects distal extremities, face and tongue

56
Q

Chorea is a side effect of this drug used in Parkinson’s disease

57
Q

Type of dyskinesia that is similar to chorea but more violent, forceful flinging of arms and legs

58
Q

Hemiballismus is due to lesions to this structure

A

Subthalamic nucleus

59
Q

Parkinson’s disease is caused by a loss of neurons in this structure

A

Substantia nigra pars compacta - nigrostriatal pathway
(and depletion of dopamine)

60
Q

In Parkinson’s disease, is the direct or indirect basal ganglia pathway underactive?

A

Direct (D1)

61
Q

In Parkinson’s disease, is the direct or indirect basal ganglia pathway overactive?

A

Indirect (D2)

62
Q

In Parkinson’s disease, is the thalamus inhibited or disinhibited?

A

Inhibited
(leads to rigidity and slowness)

63
Q

Parkinson’s disease is attributable to progressive loss of this type of activity in the striatum

A

Dopaminergic

64
Q

Condition with presence of synucleinopathy – involving accumulation of misfolded a-synuclein that forms Lewy bodies

A

Parkinson’s disease

65
Q

This protein is present in Parkinson’s disease and is misfolded, forming Lewy bodies

A

a-synuclein

66
Q

Dopamine precursors (e.g. Levodopa) can be used to treat Parkinson’s, but overmedication may induce this side effect

A

Dyskinesia (involuntary movements)

67
Q

Deep brain stimulation can be used to treat Parkinson’s disease, and these two structures are targets

A

Subthalamic nucleus and Globus pallidus internus

68
Q

Condition that involves a CAG trinucleotide repeat, which leads to neuronal loss in the striatum and cortex

A

Huntington’s disease

69
Q

Huntington’s disease involves a CAG trinucleotide repeat, which leads to neuronal loss in these two parts of the brain

A

Striatum and cortex

70
Q

Huntington’s disease involves interruption of this basal ganglia pathway

A

Indirect pathway (D2)
(leads to increased activation of thalamus)

71
Q

This structure is the most common deep brain stimulation therapy for Huntington’s disease

A

Globus pallidus internus

Neuro - Week 4 (9 decks)

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