cognitive development mc Flashcards
Seration
concorete operation, ability to order and arrange things based on size, weight, volume, etc
Classification
concrete operations, arrange objects based on class and subclass
Identity
understanding that objects have qualities that don’t change if objects are altered
transivitity
understand how objects are related to one another
conservation
understanding that changing one quality doesn’t change quantity, centrate: concentrate on one dimension
reversibility
things that are altered can go back to its original state, need in order to conserve
decentration
perceive different aspects of a situation, need in order to conserve
general intelligence theory
g, hose specialized in one area can do well in another area, by charles spearman
triarchic intelligence theory
analytical: traditional, academic, problem solving, verbal comprehension, vocabulary, and spatial abilities
creative: creating new ideas,
practical: skills at handling every day tasks, use common sense
created by robert sternberg
multiple intelligences theory
can be high in more than one
Linguistic: The ability to speak and write well
Logical-mathematical: The ability to use logic and mathematical skills to solve problems
Spatial: The ability to think and reason about objects in three dimensions
Musical: The ability to perform and enjoy music
Kinesthetic (body): The ability to move the body in sports, dance, or other physical activities
Interpersonal: The ability to understand and interact effectively with others
Intrapersonal: The ability to have insight into the self
Naturalistic: The ability to recognize, identify, and understand animals, plants, and other living things
Existential: The ability to understand and have concern from life’s larger questions,
the meaning of life, and other spiritual matters
created by howard gardner
Carol Dweck theory of intelligence
fixed mindset: intelligence is biological and unchanging
growth mindset: intelligence is based on hard work and can improve
working memory
improves due to increased processing speed and ability to inhibit irrelevent info, increased myelination and synaptic pruning in the cortex
memory strategies
rehearsing information you wish to recall, visualizing and organizing information, creating rhymes, inventing acronyms
by age ten many children were using two or more memory strategies to help them recall information.
attention
improves as children inhibit irrelevant info, a sharp improvement in selective attention from age six into adolescence,
dimensional change card task
A younger child who is asked to sort objects into piles based on type of object, car
versus animal, or color of object, red versus blue, would likely have no trouble doing so. But if you ask them to switch from sorting based on type to now having them sort based on color, they would struggle because this requires them to suppress the prior sorting rule.
An older child has less difficulty making the switch, meaning there is greater flexibility in their intentional
skills.
major branches of linguistics
phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.
phonetics
the study of individual speech sounds
phonology
the study of phonemes, which are the speech sounds of an individual language.
Morphology
the study of words and other meaningful units of language like suffixes and
prefixes
morphemes: words with meaning
syntax
set of rules of a language by which we construct sentences.
Semantics
is about the meaning of sentences
Pragmatics
even broader field that studies how the context of a sentence contributes to
meaning.
Simultaneous bilingualism
learning two different languages at the same time
phonological: children retain the ability to hear phonological contrasts for both language
lexicon: bilingual kids violate the mutual exclusivity assumption (object has two names instead of one because of the names in the two languages), bilingual kids have smaller vocabulary but its spread out with the two languages
grammar: bilingual kids lack behind monolingual kids in grammatical development, rules to communicate
sequential bilingualism
learning one language after being fluent in the first language
acquisition takes years and is difficult and can make errors
factors include phonological memory, personality, motivation, age
bilingualism
knowing two languages, more than 47 million people speak a language other than English at home, and about 10 million of these people are children or youth in public schools (United States Department of
Commerce, 2003). The large majority of bilingual students (75%) are Hispanic, but the rest represent more than a hundred different language groups from around the world
A phonics-based approach
bottom-up processing, teaches reading by making sure children can understand letter-sound correspondences (how letters sound), automatically recognize familiar words, and decode unfamiliar words. This ability to break the code of reading allows children to read words they have never heard spoken before.
The whole-language approach
top-down processing, attempts to teach reading as naturally as possible. As the
sounds of words don’t have meaning, the focus is on reading words and sentences in context (such as real books), rather than learning the sounds and phonemes that make up words.
