cognitive development ec

Question 1

preoperational stage

Answer 1

early childhood (2-7), symbolic thought, egocentrism, conservation, syncretism, animism, cognitive schemas

Question 2

egocentrism

Answer 2

doesn’t take into account that people have different perspectives than them (ex: 3 mountain task)

Question 3

conservation

Answer 3

moving or rearranging matter doesn’t change quantity, can use concentration where they only look at one aspect such as height, size, etc.

Question 4

animism

Answer 4

objects are life-life (ex: cup is mean because it spilled and made a mess)

Question 5

syncretism

Answer 5

think that two events that occur simultaneously are caused by the other (ex: putting on a swimsuit for it to be summer)

Question 6

cognitive schemas

Answer 6

assimilation: add new knowledge to schema (ex: sees a new type of dog and says it’s a dog), accommodation: add new schema (ex: 4 legged animals are dogs)

Question 7

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development

Answer 7

zone of approximal development: kids can learn the most while in this zone

Question 8

private speech

Answer 8

part of vygotsky, talking to themselves to solve problems or clarifying thoughts

Question 9

egocentric speech

Answer 9

same as private speech but part of piaget

Question 10

scaffolding

Answer 10

part of vygotsky, guided assistance for a task

Question 11

theory of mind

Answer 11

understanding of how minds work and influence behavior

Question 12

preferences and desire theory of mind

Answer 12

connection between your and others desires, if a person shows enjoyment at broccoli and disgust at chocolate but you like chocolate, should give brocolli (pass)

Question 13

belief theory of mind

Answer 13

connection between other’s beliefs and actions

Question 14

false belief task

Answer 14

testing a child’s understanding that other people will act in accordance to their beliefs even if they know they’re gone (ex: sally/ann task or the skittles task) if there’s a box titled skittles but there’s actually candles, should say another person would thing there are skittles (pass)

Question 15

overregulation

Answer 15

2-3 years old, applies rules to all words (ex: tooths instead of teeth since they know adding an “s” means more than one

Question 16

recasts

Answer 16

corrections of incorrect grammar, “I felled down” “yes you fell down”

Question 17

expansions

Answer 17

corrections of incorrect grammar, “i went there” “yes you went to the store yesterday”

Question 18

Mathematics development

Answer 18

number equality: all sets of a certain number of objects have something in common (4 cookies, 4 books, 4 chairs)

Question 19

5 counting principles to preschoolers

Answer 19

1 to 1 correspondence: each object labeled by single number word (1 eraser, 2 eraser)
stable order: numbers recited in same order (1,2,3,4)
cardinality: number of objects set corresponds to last number stated (1 eraser, 2 eraser, so 2 erasers)
order irrelevance: objects counted left to right, right to left, or any order
abstraction: any set of discrete object/events can be counted (chairs, blocks, people)

Question 20

early math skills

Answer 20

counting, recognizing numbers, adding/subtracting, comparing magnitudes

Question 21

reading development

Answer 21

active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences (ex: flipping a page, holding a book)

Question 22

chronology of reading

Answer 22

based on chaswell (1979)
stage 0: reading prerequisites
stage 1: phonological reading skills
stage 2: fluent reading
stage 3: reading to learn
stage 4: comprehending multiple viewpoints in written text

Question 23

phonemic awareness

Answer 23

when rhyming or using prefixes, what would be left if a certain part of a word would be gone

Question 24

development disorder

Answer 24

autism that alters nerve cells and synapses organization and connection

Question 25

autism

Answer 25

type of neurodiversity, some individuals excel at intellectual abilities while others have disabilities, 25% are non-verbal, no eye contact, hand flapping, head rolling, head banging

Question 26

risk factors for autism

Answer 26

genetics, gestational diabetes, parents 30+, prescriptions during pregnancy, meconium in amniotic fluid

Question 27

treatments for autism

Answer 27

applied behavior analysis (therapy, social skills therapy, structured teaching, occupational therapy, speech and language therapy