Cognitive Behavioural Approaches 3 Flashcards
Who is Aaron beck?
-Began research into depression in 1950s
-Beck Institute of Cognitive Therapy and Research
-Developed important tests such as Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
Why are schemas used?
-Fundamental beliefs and assumptions about self, others and goals
-Develop early in life through experiences that we go through
-Either adaptive or maladaptive
-Selection and perception of incoming information
What are the basic principles of Beck’s Cognitive therapy?
-Info processing needed for survival
-How we feel and behave is based on our perception of our experiences
What can cause psychological distress?
-Evolutionary, biological, environmental and developmental factors all contribute to potential for psychological distress
-Due to schemas, we all set up unique cognitive vulnerabilities which predispose us to distress
What is magnification/minimisation?
-Evaluating events as far more or less important than they are
What is selective abstraction?
-Drawing conclusions based on only a selection of evidence
What is personalisation?
-Evaluating events as related to self
What is over-generalisation?
-Drawing conclusions from a single event
What is dichotomous thinking?
-Evaluating experiences as extremes
What is arbitrary inference?
-Drawing conclusions without evidence
Describe what is meant by automatic thoughts
-Involuntary, recurring words or images that occur rapidly at the edge of awareness
-Similar to Freud ‘preconscious’
-Reflects schema content
How does the cognitive model link to depression?
-Systematic bias towards negative information in 3 different areas, known as the cognitive triad
-Self - ‘im worthless’
-World - ‘no-one likes me’
-Future - ‘i’ll never amount to anything’
-Depression worsens -> Depressive schema is more activated -> Increases cognitive distortions
What are the goals of Beck’s cognitive therapy?
-Correct faulty information-processing
-Symptom relief occurs by removing systematic biases and modifying fundamental beliefs
-Learn to become own therapist
What is the process of this type of therapy?
-In-depth initial session; functional and cognitive analysis
-Draw up problem lists
-5-16 sessions which occur weekly
-Homework given
What are the 3 different cognitive interventions used in cognitive therapy?
-Elicit and identify NATs
-Reality test and correct NATs
-Identify and alter beliefs
Describe what eliciting and identifying NATs mean
-Provide reasons
-Encourage engagement
-Self-monitoring
Describe what reality testing and correcting NATs mean
-Socratic dialogues
-Decatastrophizing and decentring
-Forming adaptive responses
Describe what altering and identifying beliefs mean
-Socratic dialogues
-Hypothesis testing
-Re-fashioning beliefs
What behavioural approaches can be used within cognitive therapy?
-Rating mastery/pleasure
-Rehearsing behaviour
-Assigning graded tasks
-Hypothesis-testing
What 3rd wave approaches can be used within cognitive therapy?
-Complement and extend CBT
-More holistic, less symptom focused
-Promoting wellbeing
-Includes values, mindfulness, acceptance
-More widely used
Describe the use of Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
-Dialectical - two opposite things can be true
-Designed for treating borderline personality disorder as well as depression, self harm, suicide and eating disorders
-Focus on self-acceptance
-Learning to understand, accept and regulate strong emotions
-Improve interpersonal relationships
Describe the use of Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy
-Uses mindfulness techniques alongside CBT e.g. meditation, breathing exercises etc.
-Help us to learn, observe and recognise thoughts without reacting to them
-Identify thoughts to challenge and change with CBT techniques
-NICE recommended for prevention of relapse in recurrent depression
Describe the use of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
-Accept and live with our thoughts and feelings rather than changing them
-Focus on learning our individual values and then setting goals that align with these values, helps to ensure the goals are meaningful
-Used for managing physical and mental issues
Evaluate CBT using evidence from NICE
-NICE guidelines recommend forms of CBT for; depression, anxiety, phobias, bipolar, bulimia, OCD, PTSD and schizophrenia
-NICE systematic review showed that there is effectiveness of CBT for depression and anxiety (Butler et al., 2006)
