Cognitive Aspects Of Behavior Flashcards
Types of Exposure
Flooding — this type of Exposure Therapy involves rapid exposure to feared situations.
Systematic Desensitization, also known as Progressive Exposure — this involves gradual exposure coupled with relaxation exercises when anxiety levels become too great.
Shaping
Method of operant conditioning by which successive approximations of a target behavior are reinforced.
Premack Principle
Principle of operant conditioning some behavior happens reliably (or without interference of researcher) can be used as a reinforcer for a behavior that occurs less reliably.
Example: “you have to finish your vegetables before you can eat any ice cream”
Operant Conditioning
Learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. Stimuli present when a behavior is rewarded or punished come to control that behavior.
-If a behavior is followed by a reinforcement it is more likely to be repeated.
Classical Conditioning
A learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by a second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
Interference
An explanation of forgetting in long-term memory, which states that forgetting occurs because memories interfere with and disrupt one another in other words forgetting.
—Proactive-old memories disrupt new memories
—Retrospective-new memories disrupt old memories
Types of Learning
Associate Learning
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning—occurs by observing behaviors of others and initiating those behaviors-evens if there is no reinforcement at the time.
Rewards
Positive value that and individual ascribes to an object, behavioral act or an internal physical state.
-Appetitive stimulus given to a human or some other animal to alter behavior.
Primary Rewards-necessary for survival, food and sex
Secondary reward-derive their value from primary rewards
Reinforcement
A stimulus that strengthens or increases the probability of a specific response
—positive reinforcement-adds something to increase a response
—negative reinforcement-involves removing something in order to increase a response
Types of Memory
Sensory—shortest retain impressions of sensory info after stimulus ends buffer for stimuli, decay quickly-1 second
Short term—temporary recall for information being processed the ability to remember and process simultaneously 10-15 seconds
Long term—storage of info long-term
Explicit/declarative-conscious implicit-unconscious Episodic-events and experiences Procedural-skills and task Semantic-facts and concepts
Rehearsal
Cognitive process in which information is repeated over and over as a possible way of learning and remembering it.
Two types:
-Maintenance: saying a loud or thinking of material repeatedly until it becomes a part of working memory- fades quickly
-Elaborative: connecting new material learned, with already existing long-term memories. Deeper and allows for more store-able and retrievable memory
Consequences
the rate at which a behavior occurs is determined not by what precedes it but by the consequence that follows it.
See reinforcement.
Variable vs. Fixed
Fixed interval: a behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time. Example: pay periods
Variable interval: reinforcemengt base don varying and unpredictable amounts of time. example: fishing
Fixed ratio: set number of responses that must occur before the behavior is rewarded. Example: fruit pickers
Variable ratio: number of responses needed for award varies most powerful type of intermittent reward system. Example: casino
Chunking
Refers to process of taking individual pieces of information and grouping them into larger units.
By grouping each piece into a large whole the amount of information remembered increases
Example: phone numbers
Extinction
When a reinforced behavior is extinguished entirely. this occurs at some point after reinforcement stops, speed at which this happens depends on reinforcement schedule.
