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Psychology > Cognition Terms > Flashcards

Cognition Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

the faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information

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2
Q

Encoding

A

the initial learning of information

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3
Q

Storage

A

maintaining information over time

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

the ability to access information when you need it

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5
Q

Parallel Processing

A

the ability to deal with multiple stimuli simultaneously

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6
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

the memory systems in the brain involved in remembering pieces of info for a short period of time, often up to 30 seconds

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6
Q

Sensory Memory

A

a mental representation of how environmental events look, sound, feel, smell, and taste

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7
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

unlimited storage info to be maintained for long periods, even for life

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8
Q

Explicit Memory

A

the conscious recollection of a previous episode, as in recall or recognition

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9
Q

Effortful Processing

A

active processing of information that requires sustained effort

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10
Q

Automatic Processing

A

a type of thinking that does not involve any effort or deliberation, also known as unconscious processing

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11
Q

Implicit Memory

A

a form of long-tern memory that doesn’t require any conscious retrieval
Example: Riding a bike

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12
Q

Iconic Memory

A

holds visual info

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13
Q

Echoic Memory

A

ultra-short-term memory for things you hear

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14
Q

Chunking

A

the process by which the mind divides large pieces of info into smaller units (chunks) that are easier to retain in short-term memory

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15
Q

Mnemonics

A

any device or technique used to assist memory, usually by forging a link or association between new info to be remember and info previous encoded
Example: Every Good Boy Does Fine

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16
Q

Spacing Effects

A

the finding that long-term memory is enhanced when learning events are spaced apart in time, rather than massed in immediate succession

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17
Q

Shallow Processing

A
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18
Q

Deep Processing

A

cognitive processing of a stimulus that focuses on its meaningful properties rather than its perceptual characteristics

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19
Q

Hippocampus

A

a complex brain structure embedded deep into temporal love; it has a major role in learning and memory

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20
Q

Flashbulb Memory

A

an accurate and exceptionally vivid long-lasting memory for the circumstances surrounding learning about a dramatic event

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21
Q

Long-Term Potential

A

a process involving persistent strengthening of synapses that leads to a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between neurons
Example: if a mouse is placed in a pool of murky water, it will swim about until it finds a hidden platform to climb out on. With repetition, the mouse soon learns to locate the platform more quickly

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22
Q

Recall

A

the act of retrieving info or events from past while lacing a specific cue to help in retrieving the info

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23
Q

Recognition

A

a form of remembering characterized by a feeling of familiarity when something previous experienced is again encountered

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24
Q

Priming

A

occurs when an individual’s exposure to a certain stimulus influences his or her response to a subsequent stimulus, without any awareness of the connection

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25
Q

Mood-Congruent Memory

A

States that happy people will be better at remembering happy materials more than sad materials, whereas sad people will be better remembering sad materials better than happy materials

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26
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

The tendency to remember first and last items in s list better than those in the middle

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27
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

A type of memory loss that occurs when you can’t form new memories

28
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

Memory loss where you can’t recall memories formed before the event that cause amnesia
Usually effects recently stored past memories, not memories from years ago

29
Q

Proactive Interference

A

When older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories

30
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

Conditions in which new learning interferes with old learning

31
Q

Repression

A

The exclusion of distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings form the conscious mind

32
Q

Misinformation Effect

A

Occurs when participants experience false memories of details of a witnessed event after they have been exposed to misleading information

33
Q

Source Amnesia

A

The inability to recall where, when, or how one has learned knowledge that has been acquired and retained

34
Q

Deja vu

A

occurs when we feel that a new situation is familiar, even if there is evidence that the situation could not have occurred previously

35
Q

Cognition

A

The mental action of processing of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses

36
Q

Concept

A

A verbal or written understanding of abstract thought

37
Q

Prototype

A

A mental representation that serves as a cognitive reference point for the category

38
Q

Creativity

A

The ability to produce or develop original work, theories, techniques, or thoughts

39
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

Occurs when the solution to a problem can be deduced by applying established rules and logical reasoning

40
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

Creative thinking that may follow many lines of thought and tends to generate new and original solutions to problems

41
Q

Algorithm

A

A defined set of step-by-step procedures that provides the correct answer to a particular problem

42
Q

Heuristic

A

Mental shortcuts that allow people to solve problems and make judgements quickly and efficiently

43
Q

Insight

A

the clear and often sudden discernment of a solution to a problem by means that are not obvious and may never become so, even after one has tried hard to work out how one has arrived at the solution

44
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

The tendency to seek out and prefer information that supports our preexisting beliefs

45
Q

Mental Set

A

The brain’s tendency to stick with the most familiar solution to a problem and stubbornly ignore alternatives

46
Q

Intuition

A

the power or faculty of attaining to direct knowledge or cognition without evident rational thought and inference

47
Q

Representative Heuristic

A

occurs when we estimate the probability of an event base on how similar it is to a known situation

48
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

occurs when we judge the likelihood of an event based on how easily we can recall similar effects

49
Q

Overconfidence

A

when people’s subjective confidence in their own ability is great than their objective (actual) performance

50
Q

Belief Preseverance

A

the inability of people to change their own belief, even upon receiving new information or facts that contradict or refute that belief

51
Q

Framing

A

when someone reacts to a choice or concept based on how it is presented – or “framed” – to them

52
Q

Language

A

a communication system that involves using words and systematic rules to organize those words to transmit information from one individual to another

53
Q

Phoneme

A

the smallest units of sound that are recognizable as human speech and make words distinct from one another
Example:
the “p” at the beginning of the word “pat” that distinguishes “pat” from “bat” and “hat”

54
Q

Morpheme

A

a unit of meaning that cannot be analyzed into smaller such units
Example:
the word books is composed of two morphemes, book and the suffix -s signifying a plural noun

55
Q

Grammer

A

the study of rules governing the use of language

56
Q

Babbling Stage

A

an essential phase of speech development in a child

57
Q

One-Word Stage

A

the developmental period, between approximately 10 and 18 months, when children use one word at a time when speaking

58
Q

Two-Word Stage

A

the stage in which children begin combining words together to better communicate their emotions, needs, and perceptions

59
Q

Telegraphic Speech

A

when a child moves beyond the two-word, relational stage of language development and begins to express longer, three-word sentences using a finite set of grammatical categories, such as nouns, verbs, and adjectives

60
Q

Aphasia

A

a disorder that affects how you communicate

61
Q

Linguistic Determinism

A

the semantic structure of a particular language determines the structure of mental categories among its speakers
(What we talked about in English when we read 1984)

62
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

pioneered in the development of experimental methods for the measurement of rote learning and memory

discovered that reviewing new information at key points on the curve can help you to reduce the rate at which you typically forget

63
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

known for her research on human memory, notably false memories

woman in Ted Talk

64
Q

Steven Pinker

A

advocated evolutionary explanations for the functions of the brain and thus for language and behaviour

promoted the idea that most common human behaviors are those that many generations earlier contributed to survival and the ability to pass along genes

65
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

the father of modern linguistics

Chomsky’s theory of language acquisition argues that human brain structures naturally allow for the capacity to learn and use languages

66
Q

Paul Broca

A

discovered the area of the brain responsible for language disorders

was an eminent surgeon, neurologist and anthropologist

67
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

descriptions of the aphasias, disorders interfering with the ability to communicate in speech or writing

68
Q

Benjamin Lee Whorf

A

known for his ideas about linguistic relativity, the hypothesis that language influences thought

Psychology (6 decks)

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