Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards
1
Q
Biological Psychology
A
the science that deals with the biological basis of behavior, thoughts, and emotions
2
Q
the science that deals with the biological basis of behavior, thoughts, and emotions
A
Biological Psychology
3
Q
Neuron
A
a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.
4
Q
a specialized cell transmitting nerve impulses; a nerve cell.
A
Neuron
5
Q
Dendrites
A
a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.
6
Q
a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.
A
Dendrites
7
Q
Axon
A
the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.
8
Q
the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.
A
Axon
9
Q
Myelin Sheath
A
a greatly extended and modified plasma membrane wrapped around the nerve axon in a spiral fashion
allows the electrical impulses to travel quickly and efficiently between one nerve cell and the next
10
Q
a greatly extended and modified plasma membrane wrapped around the nerve axon in a spiral fashion
allows the electrical impulses to travel quickly and efficiently between one nerve cell and the next
A
Myelin Sheath
11
Q
Action Potential
A
the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.
12
Q
the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell.
A
Action Potential
13
Q
Refractory Period
A
the period after response to a stimulus during which response to a second stimulus, presented shortly after the first, is delayed
14
Q
the period after response to a stimulus during which response to a second stimulus, presented shortly after the first, is delayed
A
Refractory Period
15
Q
Threshold
A
the lowest point at which a particular stimulus will cause a response in an organism
16
Q
the lowest point at which a particular stimulus will cause a response in an organism
A
Threshold
17
Q
All-or-None Response
A
the strength of a response of a nerve cell or muscle fiber is not dependent upon the strength of the stimulus
18
Q
the strength of a response of a nerve cell or muscle fiber is not dependent upon the strength of the stimulus
A
All-or-None Response
19
Q
Synapse
A
The space between the end of a nerve cell and another cell
20
Q
The space between the end of a nerve cell and another cell
A
Synapse
21
Q
Neurotransmitters
A
chemical messengers that your body can’t function without
22
Q
chemical messengers that your body can’t function without
A
Neurotransmitters
23
Q
Reuptake
A
The reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neuron after the transmission of a neural impulse across a synapse
24
Q
The reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neuron after the transmission of a neural impulse across a synapse
A
Reuptake
25
Endorphins
hormones that are released when your body feels pain or stress
26
hormones that are released when your body feels pain or stress
Endorphins
27
Agonist
substances that bind to synaptic receptors and increase the effect of the neurotransmitter
28
substances that bind to synaptic receptors and increase the effect of the neurotransmitter
Agonist
29
Antagonist Nervous System
blocks or impedes the normal activity of a neurotransmitter at the receptor
30
blocks or impedes the normal activity of a neurotransmitter at the receptor
Antagonist Nervous System
31
Central Nervous System
made up of the brain and spinal cord
32
made up of the brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous System
33
Peripheral Nervous System
part of your nervous system that lies outside your brain and spinal cord
34
part of your nervous system that lies outside your brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
35
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
found in receptors such as the eyes, ears, tongue and skin, and carry nerve impulses to the spinal cord and brain.
36
found in receptors such as the eyes, ears, tongue and skin, and carry nerve impulses to the spinal cord and brain.
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
37
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
cells in the brain and spinal cord that allow us to move, speak, swallow and breathe by sending commands from the brain to the muscles that carry out these functions
38
cells in the brain and spinal cord that allow us to move, speak, swallow and breathe by sending commands from the brain to the muscles that carry out these functions
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
39
Interneurons
any neuron that is neither sensory nor motor but connects other neurons within the central nervous system
40
any neuron that is neither sensory nor motor but connects other neurons within the central nervous system
Interneurons
41
Somatic Nervous System
a component of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of the body movements via the use of skeletal muscles
42
a component of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of the body movements via the use of skeletal muscles
Somatic Nervous System
43
Autonomic Nervous System
a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal
44
a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal
Autonomic Nervous System
45
Sympathetic Nervous System
a network of nerves that helps your body activate its “fight-or-flight” response
46
a network of nerves that helps your body activate its “fight-or-flight” response
Sympathetic Nervous System
47
Parasympathetic Nervous System
a network of nerves that relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger
48
a network of nerves that relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger
Parasympathetic Nervous System
49
Endocrine System
The glands and organs that make hormones and release them directly into the blood so they can travel to tissues and organs all over the body
50
The glands and organs that make hormones and release them directly into the blood so they can travel to tissues and organs all over the body
Endocrine System
51
Hormones
chemical messengers released from endocrine glands that influence the nervous system to regulate the physiology and behavior of individuals
52
chemical messengers released from endocrine glands that influence the nervous system to regulate the physiology and behavior of individuals
Hormones
53
Adrenal Glands
produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions
54
produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, response to stress and other essential functions
Adrenal Glands
55
Pituitary Gland
a small pea-sized gland that plays a major role in regulating vital body functions and general wellbeing
56
a small pea-sized gland that plays a major role in regulating vital body functions and general wellbeing
Pituitary Gland
57
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
a recording of brain activity
58
a recording of brain activity
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
59
CT (Computed Tomography) Scan
the first widely used imagery technique to reveal brain anatomy
60
the first widely used imagery technique to reveal brain anatomy
CT (Computer Tomography Scan
61
PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan
an imaging test of the brain
62
an imaging test of the brain
PET (Positron Emission Tomography) Scan
63
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
a noninvasive diagnostic technique that uses the responses of hydrogen in tissue molecules to strong magnetic impulses to form a three-dimensional picture of body organs and tissues (e.g., the brain) with more accuracy than computed tomography
64
a noninvasive diagnostic technique that uses the responses of hydrogen in tissue molecules to strong magnetic impulses to form a three-dimensional picture of body organs and tissues (e.g., the brain) with more accuracy than computed tomography
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
65
fMRI (Functional MRI)
measures the small changes in blood flow that occur with brain activity
66
measures the small changes in blood flow that occur with brain activity
fMRI (Functional MRI)
67
Brainstem
the part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord
68
the part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord
Brainstem
69
Medulla
a section of the brain located in the brainstem which is responsible for automatic functions like breathing, blood pressure, circulation and heart functions, and digestion. It is also the area responsible for many reflexes like swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
70
a section of the brain located in the brainstem which is responsible for automatic functions like breathing, blood pressure, circulation and heart functions, and digestion. It is also the area responsible for many reflexes like swallowing, vomiting, coughing, and sneezing
Medulla
71
Thalamus
an egg-shaped structure in the middle of your brain. It's known as a relay station of all incoming motor (movement) and sensory information — hearing, taste, sight and touch (but not smell) — from your body to your brain
72
an egg-shaped structure in the middle of your brain. It's known as a relay station of all incoming motor (movement) and sensory information — hearing, taste, sight and touch (but not smell) — from your body to your brain
Thalamus
73
Reticular Formation
a complex network of brainstem nuclei and neurons that serve as a major integration and relay center for many vital brain systems to coordinate functions necessary for survival
74
a complex network of brainstem nuclei and neurons that serve as a major integration and relay center for many vital brain systems to coordinate functions necessary for survival
Reticular Formation
75
Cerebellum
The portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the brain stem
76
The portion of the brain in the back of the head between the cerebrum and the brain stem
Cerebellum
77
Limbic System
the part of the brain involved in our behavioral and emotional responses, especially when it comes to behaviors we need for survival
78
the part of the brain involved in our behavioral and emotional responses, especially when it comes to behaviors we need for survival
Limbic System
79
Amygdala
region of the brain primarily associated with emotional processes
80
region of the brain primarily associated with emotional processes
Amygdala
81
Hypothalamus
a structure deep in your brain, acts as your body's smart control coordinating center. Its main function is to keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis
82
a structure deep in your brain, acts as your body's smart control coordinating center. Its main function is to keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis
Hypothalamus
83
Cerebral Cortex
The grey, folded, outermost layer of the cerebrum that is responsible for higher brain processes such as sensation, voluntary muscle movement, thought, reasoning, and memory
84
The grey, folded, outermost layer of the cerebrum that is responsible for higher brain processes such as sensation, voluntary muscle movement, thought, reasoning, and memory
Cerebral Cortex
85
Glial Cells
Any of the cells that hold nerve cells in place and help them work the way they should
86
Any of the cells that hold nerve cells in place and help them work the way they should
Glial Cells
87
Frontal Lobes
are important for voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions
88
are important for voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions
Frontal Lobes
89
Pariental Lobes
one of the brain's major lobes, roughly located at the upper back area in the skull. It processes sensory information received from the outside world, mainly relating to touch, taste, and temperature
90
one of the brain's major lobes, roughly located at the upper back area in the skull. It processes sensory information received from the outside world, mainly relating to touch, taste, and temperature
Pariental Lobes
91
Occipital Lobes
responsible for visual perception, including colour, form and motion
92
responsible for visual perception, including colour, form and motion
Occipital Lobes
93
Temporal Lobes
sit behind the ears and are the second largest lobe. They are most commonly associated with processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory
94
sit behind the ears and are the second largest lobe. They are most commonly associated with processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory
Temporal Lobes
95
Motor Cortex
the region of the frontal lobe of the brain responsible for the control of voluntary movement
96
the region of the frontal lobe of the brain responsible for the control of voluntary movement
Motor Cortez
97
Somatosensory Cortex
the part of the brain within the cerebral cortex that receives all sensory information from various parts of the body
98
the part of the brain within the cerebral cortex that receives all sensory information from various parts of the body
Somatosensory Cortex
99
Association Areas
an area of the cerebral cortex that functions in linking and coordinating the sensory and motor areas
100
an area of the cerebral cortex that functions in linking and coordinating the sensory and motor areas
Association Areas
101
Plasticity
the ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, functions, or connections
102
the ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, functions, or connections
Plasticity
103
Neurogenesis
the process by which new neurons are formed in the brain
104
the process by which new neurons are formed in the brain
Neurogenesis
105
Corpus Callosum
A wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication
106
A wide, flat bundle of neural fibers beneath the cortex that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication
Corpus Callosum
107
Split Brain
patients in whom the corpus callosum has been cut for the alleviation of medically intractable epilepsy
108
patients in whom the corpus callosum has been cut for the alleviation of medically intractable epilepsy
Split Brain
109
Conciousness
an organism's awareness of something either internal or external to itself
110
an organism's awareness of something either internal or external to itself
Conciousness
111
Cognitive Neuroscience
an interdisciplinary area of research that combines measurement of brain activity (mostly by means of neuroimaging) with a simultaneous performance of cognitive tasks by human subjects
112
an interdisciplinary area of research that combines measurement of brain activity (mostly by means of neuroimaging) with a simultaneous performance of cognitive tasks by human subjects
Cognitive Neuroscience
113
Dual Processing
the theory that the response made by an individual to a stimulus that permits behavioral control involves two stages: (a) a decision as to whether or not to respond and (b) a choice between alternative responses.
114
the theory that the response made by an individual to a stimulus that permits behavioral control involves two stages: (a) a decision as to whether or not to respond and (b) a choice between alternative responses.
Dual Processing
115
Behavior Genetics
the study of the manner in which genetic variation affects psychological phenotypes (traits), including cognitive abilities, personality, mental illness, and social attitudes
116
the study of the manner in which genetic variation affects psychological phenotypes (traits), including cognitive abilities, personality, mental illness, and social attitudes
Behavior Genetics
117
Chromosomes
a strand or filament composed of nucleic acid (mainly DNA in humans) and proteins (see chromatin) that carries the genetic, or hereditary, traits of an individual
118
a strand or filament composed of nucleic acid (mainly DNA in humans) and proteins (see chromatin) that carries the genetic, or hereditary, traits of an individual
Chromosomes
119
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
one of the two types of nucleic acid found in living organisms; it is the principal carrier of genetic information in chromosomes and, to a much lesser extent, in mitochondria . Certain segments of the DNA molecules constitute the organism's genes
120
one of the two types of nucleic acid found in living organisms; it is the principal carrier of genetic information in chromosomes and, to a much lesser extent, in mitochondria . Certain segments of the DNA molecules constitute the organism's genes
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
121
Genes
the biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes
122
the biochemical units of heredity that make up chromosomes
Genes
123
Genome
all of the genetic material contained in an organism or cell.
124
all of the genetic material contained in an organism or cell.
Genome
125
Identical Twins
develop from the same fertilized egg that splits into two
126
develop from the same fertilized egg that splits into two
Identical Twins
127
Fraternal Twins
develop from two different eggs fertilized by separate sperm
128
develop from two different eggs fertilized by separate sperm
Fraternal Twins
129
Heritability
a measure of how well differences in people's genes account for differences in their traits
130
a measure of how well differences in people's genes account for differences in their traits
Heritability
131
Evolutionary Psychology
the study of behaviour, thought, and feeling as viewed through the lens of evolutionary biology
132
the study of behaviour, thought, and feeling as viewed through the lens of evolutionary biology
Evolutionary Psychology
133
Natural Selection
The way that any genetically determined behaviour that enhances the ability to survive and reproduce will continue in future generations
134
The way that any genetically determined behaviour that enhances the ability to survive and reproduce will continue in future generations
Natural Selection
135
Mutation
a permanent change in the genetic material of an organism
136
a permanent change in the genetic material of an organism
Mutation
