Cognition Flashcards
fitting new experiences into existing schemes
-require to benefit from experience
assimilation
Mental structures that organize information and regulate behavior
schemes
- modifying schemes as a result of new experiences
- allows for dealing with completely new data or experiences
accommodation
At about 8 months the child has sufficient cognitive skill and motor control to accomplish simple tasks
Deliberate, means-ends behavior.
Understanding that objects exist independently of oneself
object permanence
ex: Daddy did NOT cease to exist because he went into the other room. Jeez, calm down already. Sigh…
Anticipate consequences of actions, instead of needing to experience them
using symbols to communicate
preoperational thinking characteristics
- ego centrism
- animism
- centration
Difficulty seeing world from another’s’ point of view
Egocentrism:
Crediting inanimate objects with life and lifelike properties such as feelings or needs
Animism
Narrowly focused type of thought
-Concentrating on only one facet of a problem to the neglect of other facets
centration
Extending Piaget’s Account:Children’s Naïve Theories
- Naïve physics (evident in infants)
- Naïve morality (evident in infants)
- Naïve biology (evident in preschoolers)
core knowledge hypothesis of children’s naive theories
born with knowledge of the world, based on experiences
what kind of naive theory does this state:
- objects are solid and cannot move through each other
- objects do not teleport
- theres a difference between solids and liquids
naive physics
what kind of naive theory does this state: recent studies have demonstrated that infants tend to prefer “good guys”, showing that they already understand the differenceand appreciate kind acts.
naive morality
what kind of naive theory does this state:
- Animals can move by themselves.
- Living things grow larger.
- Living things can heal from damage.
naive biology
different types of naive theories of life
- teleology explanations
- essentialism
The belief that living things and parts of living things exist for a purpose
teleology explanations
eg: lions exist so we can see them at the zoo
The belief that all living things have an essence that can’t be seen but gives a living thing its identity
essentialism
eg: a soul
memories of the significant events and experiences of one’s own life
autobiographical memory
when it comes to memory development, what happens at six months of age
hippocampus and amygdala develop
-storage of information in long-term memory
when it comes to memory development, what happens at about the second year
- frontal cortex develops,
- toddler retrieve stored information
difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone
zone of proximal development
a teaching style in which teachers gauge the amount of assistance they offer to match the learner’s needs
scaffolding
eg: Giving just enough assistance to match learner’s needs
a child’s comments that are not intended for others but are designed to help regulate the child’s own behavior
eg:“Talking” to yourself to self-guide and self-regulate behavior
private speech
Unique sounds that are used to create words
phonemes
vowel-like sounds produced by babies
cooing
speech-like sounds and movements that consist of vowel-consonant combinations
-precursor to real speech
babbling and gesturing
One word expressions that typically only consist of a single phoneme (“da” instead of “daddy”)
holophrasic speech
Speech that contains only the words necessary to convey a message
-Typically two- and three-word sentences based on simple formulas (e.g., actor + action)
telegraphic speech
The linguistic rules children develop as they learn a language tend to have numerous flaws,
naming errors
- underextension
- overextension
When children define words more narrowly than adults do
e.g. “Daddy” refers to a single person.
underextension
When children define words more broadly than adults do.
e.g. “bag” refers to anything the child can carry things around in.
overextension
Words or endings of words that make a sentence grammatical
grammatical morphemes
grammatical usage that result from applying rules to words that are exceptions to the rule (irregular words). eg: “These are mines.” “My foots hurt!” “I eated all my dinner.” “There are two wugs.”
overregularization
