Cognition

Question 1

fitting new experiences into existing schemes

-require to benefit from experience

Answer 1

assimilation

Question 2

Mental structures that organize information and regulate behavior

Answer 2

schemes

Question 3

• modifying schemes as a result of new experiences

- allows for dealing with completely new data or experiences

Answer 3

accommodation

Question 4

At about 8 months the child has sufficient cognitive skill and motor control to accomplish simple tasks

Answer 4

Deliberate, means-ends behavior.

Question 5

Understanding that objects exist independently of oneself

Answer 5

object permanence

ex: Daddy did NOT cease to exist because he went into the other room. Jeez, calm down already. Sigh…

Question 6

Anticipate consequences of actions, instead of needing to experience them

Answer 6

using symbols to communicate

Question 7

preoperational thinking characteristics

Answer 7

1. ego centrism
2. animism
3. centration

Question 8

Difficulty seeing world from another’s’ point of view

Answer 8

Egocentrism:

Question 9

Crediting inanimate objects with life and lifelike properties such as feelings or needs

Answer 9

Animism

Question 10

Narrowly focused type of thought

-Concentrating on only one facet of a problem to the neglect of other facets

Answer 10

centration

Question 11

Extending Piaget’s Account:Children’s Naïve Theories

Answer 11

1. Naïve physics (evident in infants)
2. Naïve morality (evident in infants)
3. Naïve biology (evident in preschoolers)

Question 12

core knowledge hypothesis of children’s naive theories

Answer 12

born with knowledge of the world, based on experiences

Question 13

what kind of naive theory does this state:

• objects are solid and cannot move through each other
• objects do not teleport
• theres a difference between solids and liquids

Answer 13

naive physics

Question 14

what kind of naive theory does this state: recent studies have demonstrated that infants tend to prefer “good guys”, showing that they already understand the differenceand appreciate kind acts.

Answer 14

naive morality

Question 15

what kind of naive theory does this state:

• Animals can move by themselves.
• Living things grow larger.
• Living things can heal from damage.

Answer 15

naive biology

Question 16

different types of naive theories of life

Answer 16

• teleology explanations

- essentialism

Question 17

The belief that living things and parts of living things exist for a purpose

Answer 17

teleology explanations

eg: lions exist so we can see them at the zoo

Question 18

The belief that all living things have an essence that can’t be seen but gives a living thing its identity

Answer 18

essentialism

eg: a soul

Question 19

memories of the significant events and experiences of one’s own life

Answer 19

autobiographical memory

Question 20

when it comes to memory development, what happens at six months of age

Answer 20

hippocampus and amygdala develop

-storage of information in long-term memory

Question 21

when it comes to memory development, what happens at about the second year

Answer 21

• frontal cortex develops,

- toddler retrieve stored information

Question 22

difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone

Answer 22

zone of proximal development

Question 23

a teaching style in which teachers gauge the amount of assistance they offer to match the learner’s needs

Answer 23

scaffolding

eg: Giving just enough assistance to match learner’s needs

Question 24

a child’s comments that are not intended for others but are designed to help regulate the child’s own behavior
eg:“Talking” to yourself to self-guide and self-regulate behavior

Answer 24

private speech

Question 25

Unique sounds that are used to create words

Answer 25

phonemes

Question 26

vowel-like sounds produced by babies

Answer 26

cooing

Question 27

speech-like sounds and movements that consist of vowel-consonant combinations
-precursor to real speech

Answer 27

babbling and gesturing

Question 28

One word expressions that typically only consist of a single phoneme (“da” instead of “daddy”)

Answer 28

holophrasic speech

Question 29

Speech that contains only the words necessary to convey a message
-Typically two- and three-word sentences based on simple formulas (e.g., actor + action)

Answer 29

telegraphic speech

Question 30

The linguistic rules children develop as they learn a language tend to have numerous flaws,

Answer 30

naming errors

1. underextension
2. overextension

Question 31

When children define words more narrowly than adults do

e.g. “Daddy” refers to a single person.

Answer 31

underextension

Question 32

When children define words more broadly than adults do.

e.g. “bag” refers to anything the child can carry things around in.

Answer 32

overextension

Question 33

Words or endings of words that make a sentence grammatical

Answer 33

grammatical morphemes

Question 34

grammatical usage that result from applying rules to words that are exceptions to the rule (irregular words).
eg: 
“These are mines.”
“My foots hurt!”
“I eated all my dinner.”
“There are two wugs.”

Answer 34

overregularization