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psychology: memory > Coding, capacity and duration > Flashcards

Coding, capacity and duration Flashcards

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1
Q

what is coding?

A

The process of converting information between different forms

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2
Q

Who did the key study of coding?

A

Alan Baddeley (1966)

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3
Q

What 4 groups of words were tested?

A
  • acoustically similar
  • acoustically dissimilar
  • semantically similar
  • semantically dissimilar
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4
Q

what words did participants do worse with after immediate recall?

A

acoustically similar

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5
Q

What words did participants do worse with after 20 minutes?

A

semantically similar

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6
Q

How is our STM coded?

A

acoustically

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7
Q

How is our LTM coded?

A

semantically

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8
Q

what are the strengths of Baddeley’s (1966) procedure?

A
  • identified a clear difference between two stores
  • idea of acoustic and semantic coding has stood the test of time
  • important step into understanding of MSM
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9
Q

what are the weaknesses of Baddeley’s (1966) procedure?

A
  • artificial stimuli - no meaning to participants
  • lack of mundane realism
  • limited application
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10
Q

What is capacity?

A

How much information our brain can hold at once

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11
Q

Who did the key research on capacity of STM?

A

Joseph Jacobs (1887)

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12
Q

what was Jacobs (1887) procedure?

A

researcher reads out 4 digits which participant immediatley recalls in correct order, researcher increases number of digits until recalled incorrectly.

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13
Q

what was the mean digit span?

A

9.3 items

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14
Q

what was the mean letter span?

A

7.3 items

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15
Q

What are the strengths of Jacob’s (1887) procedure?

A
  • been replicated
  • confimed by other, newer studies
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16
Q

What are the limitations of Jacob’s (1887) procedure?

A
  • old
  • lacked adequate control
17
Q

Who made observations on capacity of STM?

A

George Miller (1956)

18
Q

what did Miller (1956) observe?

A

Things come in sevens (days of the week, deadly sins, notes on music scale).

19
Q

What did Miller (1956) conclude capacity of STM was?

A

7 (+/- 2) items

20
Q

What is chunking?

A

Grouping larger information into groups of smaller information.

21
Q

What are the limitations of Miller’s (1956) procedure?

A
  • just an observation
    -over-estimation
    -Cowan (2001) suggested STM is only 4 (+/-1)
22
Q

What is duration?

A

The length of time information can be held in our brains before we forget.

23
Q

who did they key study of duration of STM

A

Peterson and Peterson (1959)

24
Q

What was Peterson and Peterson’s (1959) procedure?

A

tested students (24), gave them consonant syllables to remember, given 3 digit number to count down from for a given amount of time. After counting down they would have to recall the consonant syllables.

25
Q

Why did the participants have to count backwards?

A

To prevent mental rehearsal

26
Q

What were the periods of time participants had to count down from?

A

3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18

27
Q

What was the average recall after 3 seconds?

A

80%

28
Q

What was the average recall after 18 seconds?

A

3%

29
Q

What was the conclusion on the duration of STM?

A

18 seconds

30
Q

What were the limitaions of Peterson and Peterson’s (1959) study?

A
  • material was artificial
  • doesn’t reflect everyday memory
  • lacked external validity
31
Q

Who did the key study on duration of LTM?

A

Harry Bahrick (1975)

32
Q

what was Bahrick’s (1975) procedure?

A

324 (17-74) participants given yearbooks (their own and others) to be tested on.

33
Q

what were the two recall tests?

A

photo recognition
free recall, participants recalled their graduating class

34
Q

what was the recall of participants who graduated 15 years ago?

A

photo recognition- 90%
free recall - 60%

35
Q

what was the recall of participants who graduated 48 years ago?

A

photo recognition- 70%
free recall - 30%

36
Q

Whats the duration of LTM?

A

up to a lifetime

37
Q

What are the strengths of Bahrick’s (1975) study?

A
  • high external validity
  • used meaningful material

psychology: memory (9 decks)

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