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Geography gcse > Coastal Processes 40/41 > Flashcards

Coastal Processes 40/41 Flashcards

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1
Q

define what the coast is

A

the area where land meets ocean

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2
Q

describe the different types of waves

A

constructive-low frequency, swash is more powerful than backwash so materials deposited
destructive- high frequency, and are high and **steep, backwash is more powerful than swash **so materials removed

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3
Q

name and explain the four processes of erosion

A

hydraulic power
abrasion
attrition
erosion

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4
Q

what is rock broken down by

A

-mechanical (salt, freeze-thaw)
-chemical (carbonation)

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5
Q

define mechanical weathering

A

the breakdown of rock without changing its chemical composition

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6
Q

define chemical weathering

A

the breakdown of rock** by** changing its chemical composition

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7
Q

name a form of mechanical weathering

A

freeze-thaw weathering
- happens when the
temperature alternates
above/below** 0degrees **
- water enters rock that
has cracks e.g granite
- when the water freezes it
expands, putting
pressure on the rock.
- when the water thaws it
contracts, releasing
pressure on the rock
- repeated freezing and
thawing widens the cracks CAUSING ROCK TO BREAK UP!!

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8
Q

what does freeze thaw weathering do

A

-freezes and expands rocks, making cracks bigger

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9
Q

what does carbonation do

A

-collects alkaline rocks and causes them to dissolve
IN WARM AND WET CONDITIONS

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10
Q

describe the process of chemical weathering

A

using carbonation
-rainwater **absorbs C02 **
from the air, becoming
slightly acidic.
-carbonic acid **reacts with
rock **that contains calcium
carbonate e.g chalk or
limestone
THEN ROCKS ARE DISSOLVED BY RAINWATER

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11
Q

name the types of mass movement

A

rockfall
mudflow
rotational slip/slump

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12
Q

how does rockfall occur

A

-by mechanical weathering

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13
Q

how does mudflow occur

A

by staurated soil and weak rock flowing down a flope
**thin at top **and wide towards the bottom

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14
Q

how does rotational slip occur

A

rain water adds weight so slumps forward

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15
Q

what rocks form impressive cliffs

A

granite
limestone
chalk
as theyre more resistant to erosion

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16
Q

describe the process of mass movement

A

-the shifting of rocks and loose material down a slope e.g cliff
-happens when gravity acts on the slope
-causes coats to RETREAT RAPIDLY

17
Q

when is mass movement more likely to occur

A

when materials full of water
-water acts as a lubricant, making the material heavier

18
Q

diagram use —-

A

how well

19
Q

characteristics of destructive waves

A

-a high frequency, (high and steep)
-their backwash (water moving down the beach) is more powerful than their swash (water moving up the beach)
MATERIALS REMOVED

20
Q

name 3 rocks and there erosion

A

sedimentary- easy to erode
metamorphic- difficult to erode
igneous- difficult to erode

21
Q

name a characteristic of a constructive wave

A

-low frequency and are low and long
-their swash is more powerful than the backwash
MATERIALS DESPOSITED

22
Q

why is sediment deposited on the coast

A

when the water slows down and doesn’t have enough energy to carry sediment, so drops it

23
Q

Water wears away the coast using what three processes

A

-hydraulic power
-abrasion
-attrition

24
Q

how is material transported along the coast

A

-by longshore drift

25
Q

describe the process of longshore drift

A

-waves follow direct of prevailing wind
-waves hit the coast at an oblique angle (not 90deg)
-swash then carries material up the beach in the same direction as waves
-backwash carries material down the beach at right angles back to the sea
-overtime material zigzags along the coast

26
Q

State the processes of transportation

A

-traction
-saltation
-solution
-suspension

27
Q

what is traction

A

large particles are pushed along the sea bed by the force of water

28
Q

whats suspension

A

small particles (clay/slit) are carried along in water

29
Q

what is saltation

A

pebble-sized particles are bounced along the sea bed by the force of water

30
Q

what is solution

A

soluble materials (limestone) dissolve in the water and are carried along

31
Q

what is deposition

A

the dropping of material

32
Q

what is the process of hydraulic power

A

where waves crash against rock and compress the air into the cracks
-puts pressure on the rock

33
Q

whats abrasion

A

eroded particles in water scrape and rub against rock, removing small pieces

34
Q

whats attrition

A

eroded particles in water collide and break into smaller pieces becomingn more rounded

Geography gcse (17 decks)

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