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T3 SYSTEMS > CNS Class 5 - Higher Motor Centres > Flashcards

CNS Class 5 - Higher Motor Centres Flashcards

1
Q

An HMC located in the rear portion of the frontal lobe, just before the central sulcus, that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

A

Motor Cortex

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2
Q

The motor cortex is one of the brain areas most involved in controlling _________/intentional movements.

A

Voluntary

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3
Q

To carry out goal-directed movements, the _____ ______ must first receive various kinds of information from the various lobes of the brain.

A

Motor Cortex

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4
Q

Match the various kinds of information to the corresponding lobe.
1) Goal to be attained & appropriate strategy to attain it
2) Memories of past strategies
3) Body’s position in space

A) Parietal Lobe
B) Anterior Frontal Lobe
C) Temporal Lobe

A

1) Goal to be attained & appropriate strategy to attain it = B) Anterior Frontal Lobe
2) Memories of past strategies = C) Temporal Lobe
3) Body’s position in space = A) Parietal Lobe

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5
Q

T/F - The motor cortex releases command sequences for locomotor activities and is the primary issuer of command “packages” related to movement.

A

True

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6
Q

The key HMC in learning of new motor activities through visual observation, or as a part of a process of thought/imagination.

A

Motor Cortex

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7
Q

T/F - The motor cortex is still involved once a skill is learned.

A

False - The motor cortex is NO LONGER involved once a skill is learned.

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8
Q

The motor cortex is the primary HMC for _________ and fine motor control.

A

Dexterity

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9
Q

T/F - The cerebellum is the key HMC for functions that combine cognitive and fine motor functions, such as speech.

A

False - The MOTOR CORTEX is the key HMC for functions that combine cognitive and fine motor functions, such as speech.

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10
Q

The motor cortex plays a larger role when movements are complex, skillful and _________.

A

Bilateral

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11
Q

Since the motor cortex is constantly generating output, it contributes a significant amount of ________ motor system tone.

A

Baseline

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12
Q

T/F - Discrete full motor cortex lesions are virtually never seen clinically, however it can be affected in a larger context.

A

True

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13
Q

When the _____ ______ is injured, the most impaired functions include:
- Ability to learn new motor skills
- Motor functions heavily reliant on fine motor control
- Speech
- Thought-to-initiation voluntary activity

A

Motor Cortex

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14
Q

Refers to reduced tone in the motor system, creating a lower resting tone and weaker/slower recruitment of power.

A

Generalized Hypotonia

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15
Q

T/F - With generalized hypotonia, there are more noticeable performance issues with complex, small-scale skillful movements.

A

False - With generalized hypotonia, there are more noticeable performance issues with complex, LARGE-scale skillful movements.

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16
Q

An HMC located at the base of the posterior brain that is composed of a number of lobes and lobules. This increases the surface area of grey matter and provides this HMC with a very high density of neurons.

A

Cerebellum

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17
Q

T/F - The cerebellum accounts for only 10% of the brain’s total volume, but over 50% of its neurons.

A

True

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18
Q

The __________ first recieves information about the intended movement from the sensory and motor cortexes. Then it sends information back to the motor cortex about required direction, _____ and duration of this movement.

A

Cerebellum
Force

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19
Q

The loop involving the cerebellum operates in addition to a loop involving the _____ _______ to regulate the details of motor control.

A

Basal Ganglia

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20
Q

The cerebellum is the primary HMC for overall ____________, integration of elements within movement command packages.

A

Coordination

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21
Q

T/F - The motor cortex monitors incoming sensory information from external and internal body sources, especially visual and proprioceptive data, and integrates thus information into organizing effective/appropriate movements.

A

False - The CEREBELLUM monitors incoming sensory information from external and internal body sources, especially visual and proprioceptive data, and integrates thus information into organizing effective/appropriate movements.

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22
Q

The cerebellum is the key HMC for the body’s motor adjustments to the _______ and to gravity.

A

Horizon

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23
Q

The cerebellum is the primary HMC for sequencing/________ of commands, which is crucial to perfect movement, especially rapid/_______ actions.

A

Ordering
Complex

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24
Q

What does the acronym SSS represent, related to the cerebellum?

A

Speed
Sequencing
Synchronicity

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25
Q

T/F - The cerebellum has a role in learning, as it helps to mobilize motor command “packages” for newly learned/improved activities into and out of memory storage.

A

True

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26
Q

The cerebellum is responsible for ________ fine tuning of motor commands. It monitors motor cortex output and makes ___________, both while the commands are being issued and after. This improves continuous actions or learned skills.

A

Constant
Adjustments

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27
Q

T/F - The basal ganglia is responsible for suppression of tremor during purposeful body part activity, through counteracting surge-like qualities of motor cortex output.

A

False - The CEREBELLUM is responsible for suppression of tremor during purposeful body part activity, through counteracting surge-like qualities of motor cortex output.

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28
Q

A symptom of cerebellum dysfunction related to generalized incoordination.

A

Dyssynergia/Asynergia

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29
Q

A symptom of cerebellum dysfunction in which a body part(s) tremors during purposeful activity. The tremor initiates and/or intensifies as the activity proceeds.

A

Intention Tremor

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30
Q

A symptom of cerebellum dysfunction involving a failure to pinpoint, which is the inability to bring a body part in an accurate/efficient path to a target.

A

Dysmetria (aka. Pass-Pointing)

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31
Q

A symptom of cerebellum dysfunction which combines intention tremor and dysmetria pertaining to the eyes.

A

Nystagmus

32
Q

T/F - With nystagmus, when attempting to focus on a visual target the eyes rapidly “shimmy” back and forth, usually vertically.

A

False - With nystagmus, when attempting to focus on a visual target the eyes rapidly “shimmy” back and forth, usually HORIZONTALLY.

33
Q

A symptom of cerebellum dysfunction involving impaired ability to perform rapidly alternating movements, typically when requiring a mirrored pattern with matching limbs.

A

Dysdiadochokinesia

34
Q

A symptom of cerebellum dysfunction where the person breaks the motor activity into component parts, doing them one at a time and requiring effort and focus.

A

Decomposition of Movement

35
Q

A symptom of cerebellum dysfunction related to decomposition of speech. The person breaks words/phrases into syllables, speaks them slowly and deliberately one at a time, generally without inflection (monotonically) and normal punctuation breaks/shifts.

A

Scanning Speech

36
Q

Symptoms of cerebellum dysfunction where the person has difficulty recalling/repeating previously learned motor activities.

A

Impairments of Motor Memory

37
Q

A symptom of cerebellum dysfunction where there is hallucination of movement, either of the person’s body or of the external environment (or both).

A

Vertigo

38
Q

T/F - Dizziness is the same as vertigo.

A

False - Dizziness is NOT the same as vertigo.

39
Q

Symptoms of cerebellum dysfunction where there is impaired ability to maintain centre of gravity in static positions and when the body is moving.

A

Disorders of Balance & Equilibrium

40
Q

A symptom of various cerebellum dysfunctions where the person walks with a “lurching” or “staggering” gait, typically with a wider stance than is normal.

A

Dystaxia/Ataxia (aka. Drunken Sailor’s Gait)

41
Q

Some characteristics of _______ ________ gait include:
- Body parts do not work well together
- Equilibrium is poor
- Sensing of ground & objects in environment is off (e.g frequent bumping into things, frequent falls)
- Hallucinatory effects may be involved (e.g. ground/objects are moving)
- May include intention tremor in legs

A

Drunken Sailor’s Gait

42
Q

As their name suggests, the _____ _______ consist of a set of neural structures buried deep inside the cerebrum that are tightly interconnected.

A

Basal Ganglia

43
Q

The _____ _______ receive information from several different regions of the cerebral cortex, and once it has been processed, they return it to the motor cortex via the thalamus.

A

Basal Ganglia

44
Q

The basal ganglia is known as the first _________, as it scans for incoming data and then “______” the other centres to the need for new command sequences to be issued.

A

Initiator
“Alerts”

45
Q

The _____ _______ is a key HMC in oversight of reflexive relationships in the motor system, including:
- Agonist/antagonist/synergist relationships
- Postural reflexes (e.g. righting reflexes)
- “Background positioning” of trunk and limb girdles
- Inherent, automatic types of movement responses

A

Basal Ganglia

46
Q

T/F - The cerebellum is responsible for error correction, as it monitors information coming into the motor system and suppresses automatic responses that are not correct for the situation.

A

False - The BASAL GANGLIA is responsible for error correction, as it monitors information coming into the motor system and suppresses automatic responses that are not correct for the situation.

47
Q

The basal ganglia has a major role in the motor aspects of _______ expression, especially of reflexive/___________ facial expression.

A

Emotion
Involuntary

48
Q

T/F - The basal ganglia plays a role in motor memory as it relates to creating and regulating stereotyped and reflexive components of repeated activities/skills.

A

True

49
Q

The basal ganglia adds ____________ and efficiency to movement.

A

Gracefulness

50
Q

T/F - The basal ganglia is involved in suppression of tremor in body parts not engaged in purposeful activity through counteracting surge-like qualities of motor cortex output.

A

True

51
Q

A symptom of basal ganglia dysfunction in which a body part(s) tremors when not engaged in purposeful activity.

A

Resting Tremor

52
Q

A symptom of basal ganglia dysfunction where movement is slow and effortful.

A

Hypokinesia

53
Q

A symptom of basal ganglia dysfunction involving inability to initiate movement.

A

Akinesia

54
Q

A symptom of basal ganglia dysfunction related to slow movement initiation. This includes difficulty getting started, changing course/adding a new component, modulating speed and/or stopping. The person may have moments of “freezing” while trying to do any of the above tasks.

A

Bradykinesia

55
Q

Symptoms of basal ganglia dysfunction where routine activities are slow, clumsy and exhausting to perform. There is a lack of smoothness and fluidity.

A

Impairments of Efficiency & Gracefulness

56
Q

Symptoms of basal ganglia dysfunction in which the person’s body and facial expressions do not reflect/represent their emotional state/experience. Often there is an appearance of indifference, even negativity.

A

Impaired Physical Expression of Emotion

57
Q

A symptom of basal ganglia dysfunction where a body part(s) begins to tremor after holding a position for a short period of time.

A

Postural Tremor

58
Q

T/F - There can be absence/impairment of postural reflexes with motor cortex dysfunction.

A

False - There can be absence/impairment of postural reflexes with BASAL GANGLIA dysfunction.

59
Q

T/F - There can be improper synergistic stabilization of limb girdles and/or spine during motor activities with basal ganglia dysfunction.

A

True

60
Q

A symptom of basal ganglia dysfunction where there is impaired reciprocal inhibition, meaning that simultaneous concentric contraction occurs and there is a failure of the agonist/antagonist relationship.

A

Rigidity

61
Q

A type of rigidity in the limbs involving consistent movement resistance.

A

Leadpipe Rigidity

62
Q

A type of rigidity in the limbs involving stop/start movement resistance.

A

Cogwheel Rigidity

63
Q

A type of facial rigidity where the person does not make automatically responsive facial expressions.

A

Parkinsonian Mask (aka. Mask of Parkinsonism)

64
Q

Rigidity causing impairments of reflexive cycling of ___________ actions, leads to:
- Apical breathing
- Dyspnea (especially with exertion/in specific positions)
- Poor mucociliary elevator function (more incidence of infections)

A

Respiratory

65
Q

T/F - Impaired peristalsis, poor recruitment of reflexive components and atonic constipation corresponds with spasticity in the GI tract.

A

False - Impaired peristalsis and poor recruitment of reflexive components corresponds with RIGIDITY in the GI tract.

66
Q

_________ refers to difficulty swallowing and _______ refers to inability to swallow.

A

Dysphagia
Aphagia

67
Q

T/F - Choking in prone would be an RMT alert related to dysphagia and aphagia.

A

False - Choking in SUPINE would be an RMT alert related to dysphagia and aphagia.

68
Q

A symptom of basal ganglia dysfunction often described as a “shuffling” gait, where the person has difficulty starting to walk and will often throw the upper body forward to create momentum.

A

Festination (aka. Festinating Gait)

69
Q

A ___________ gait starts slowly but picks up speed and often cannot change course, slow down or stop effectively. It may include episodes of ________.

A

Festinating Gait
Freezing

70
Q

Some characteristics of ___________ gait include:
- Lack of arm swing, knee lift and toe-off reflexes
- Straight-kneed and flat-footed
- General movement is flat and has an effortful/clunky appearance
- May include postural tremor
- Person fatigues easily

A

Festinating Gait

71
Q

Symptoms of basal ganglia dysfunction that represent poor editing/inhibition of automatic/reflexive movements.

A

Involuntary Movements

72
Q

An involuntary movement involving sudden sharp contractions, typically of a muscle or specific muscle group. Most often seen in the face, but can be in other body parts or even full body. Often occurs singly, but can happen in a series.

A

Tics

73
Q

An involuntary movement involving a writhing (snake-like/worm-like) action that usually occurs bilaterally at the wrists, but can be the ankles or whole legs.

A

Athetosis

74
Q

An involuntary, characteristic movement called a “dance” in which a sequence of movements travels along the affected body part(s) in the same pattern.

A

Chorea

75
Q

An involuntary, large-scale and explosive sudden movement of a body part(s).

A

Ballsim

76
Q

An involuntary movement involving a body part that migrates into an extreme position and “freezes” there for a period of time.

A

Dystonia

77
Q

An involuntary movement involving a body part(s) that enacts a circular or cyclical “swaying” movement that is usually repeated in a “loop.”

A

Dyskinesia

T3 SYSTEMS (27 decks)

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