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T3 SYSTEMS > Cancer Class 1 - What Is Cancer? > Flashcards

Cancer Class 1 - What Is Cancer? Flashcards

1
Q

A term used to describe a large group of diseases that are characterized by cellular malfunction.

A

Cancer

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2
Q

Most cancer arises as the result of ________ in DNA.

A

Mutations

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3
Q

What are 4 causes of mutations in DNA leading to cancer?

A

1) Chance
2) Environmental Factors
3) Aging
4) Chronic Depletion in Immune Response

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4
Q

__________ factors causing mutations in DNA leading to cancer include:
- Exposure to toxins/carcinogens and/or pollutants
- Diet/chronic habits
- Ionizing radiation (including X-rays, gamma rays & radioactive materials)
- Viral

A

Environmental

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5
Q

T/F - Radiation therapy used to treat cancer cannot cause cancer.

A

False - Radiation therapy used to treat cancer CAN cause cancer

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6
Q

T/F - UV light from sun exposure can lead to skin cancer.

A

True

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7
Q

Most cancers occur in people over the age of ___, excluding _________ cancers like leukemias, bone cancers and CNS cancers.

A

55
Childhood

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8
Q

T/F - RMTs can help with a chronic depletion in immune response.

A

True

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9
Q

Inherited cancer syndromes are defects in ________ DNA, such as pre-menopausal cancer.

A

Germline

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10
Q

______________ predisposing conditions include chronic inflammation and precancerous conditions.

A

Non-Hereditary

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11
Q

Most cells are produced, mature, then die from aging, depletion or injury. In most cases they are replaced by identical cells that function in the same way as their predecessors.

A

Cell Proliferation

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12
Q

The process by which stem and progenitor cells evolve into specialized cells and functioning tissue units.

A

Cell Differentiation

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13
Q

T/F - In normal development, the process of stem cell differentiation is reversible.

A

False - In normal development, the process of stem cell differentiation is IRREVERSIBLE.

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14
Q

Reduction of number and size of parenchymal cells.

A

Cellular Atrophy

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15
Q

Increase in size of parenchymal cells.

A

Cellular Hypertrophy

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16
Q

Enlarged size of uterus in pregnancy is an example of cellular ___________.

A

Cellular Hypertrophy

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17
Q

Increased number of parenchymal cells that can be normal or abnormal.

A

Cellular Hyperplasia

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18
Q

Cellular ___________ caused by increased glandular tissue demands for wound healing is normal.

A

Cellular Hyperplasia

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19
Q

Reversible adaptive changes in differentiation, such as from GERD or smoking.

A

Metaplasia

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20
Q

A term referring to abnormal growth where some but not all features of malignancy are present. There are recognizable morphological changes in cells that indicate the presence of genetic mutations.

A

Dysplasia

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21
Q

T/F - Dysplasia will develop into malignancy and can be low grade or high grade.

A

False - Dysplasia MAY OR MAY NOT develop into malignancy and can be low grade or high grade.

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22
Q

High-grade dysplasia is often synonymous with _________ in ____.

A

Carcinoma in Situ

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23
Q

A group of contained abnormal cells that haven’t infiltrated past the basement membrane. Surgery is usually the best intervention.

A

Carcinoma in Situ

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24
Q

An abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissue and persists in the same manner after the cessation of the stimuli that evoked the change.

A

Neoplasm

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25
Q

A disorder of cell proliferation/differentiation or parenchymal/stromal relationship in which cells begin to reproduce without compliance to usual rules of tissue formation.

A

Neoplasia

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26
Q

_________ leads to an abnormal tissue structure called a neoplasm which may be ______ or _________.

A

Neoplasia
Benign
Malignant

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27
Q

Neoplasms are _________ on nutritional and hormonal supplies of host structures.

A

Parasitic

28
Q

The following best describes ______ neoplasms:
- Progressive rate of growth, but slow turnover; mitoses rare and normal, may stop or regress
- Well differentiated cells
- Cohesive and local expansive growth; does not invade or infiltrate surrounding normal tissues
- Metastasis is absent and there is no spread
- May place pressure on adjacent structures

A

Benign Neoplasms

29
Q

The following best describes _________ neoplasms:
- Erratic and variable rate of growth; often rapid with frequent and abnormal mitoses, cell division without control
- There is irreversible DNA damage resulting in autonomous growth of abnormal cells; some degree of anaplasia
- Nucleus is larger, darker and irregularly shaped
- Poor cohesion and has an invasive growth pattern
- Metastasis may occur and is increasingly likely with cells that exhibit high degrees of anaplasia
- There can be systemic effects

A

Malignant Neoplasm

30
Q

What are the 2 characteristics exclusive to cancer?

A

1) Metastasis
2) Anaplasia

31
Q

The capacity of cells to leave one tissue area, migrate to distant sites and establish new populations of cells. It is the leading cause of cancer death.

A

Metastasis

32
Q

Scientifically normal cells make substances called ________ molecules that make them stick together.

A

Adhesion Molecules

33
Q

T/F - Cancer cells lack adhesion molecules making it easier for them to break off and travel.

A

True

34
Q

The 4 mechanisms of how cancer _______ from the original tumour are:
1) Progressive direct local invasion of nearby structures
2) Through body cavities
3) To distant sites via the bloodstream
4) To distant sites via the lymphatic system

A

Spreads

35
Q

The transfer of tumour cells from the primary tumour with the bloodstream.

A

Hematogenous Metastasis

36
Q

The transfer of tumour cells from the primary tumour with the lymphatic system.

A

Lymphogenous Metastasis

37
Q

Mutations in cellular genetic make-up that make the cells more “stem-cell like” that is, able to launch new populations of renegade cells like themselves.

A

Anaplasia

38
Q

Anaplasia is the tendency of cancer cells to regress to pre-differentiated or ________ cell types. It is _________ to cancerous growths.

A

Ancestor
Exclusive

39
Q

There are at least __ stages of genetic mutation before metastasis.

A

10 Stages

40
Q

As mutation occurs with anaplasia, cells become more like a stem or __________ cell type.

A

Progenitor

41
Q

The characteristics of ______ cells include:
- Genetic instability
- Loss of cell cohesiveness and adhesion
- Growth factor independent
- Loss of cell density-dependent inhibition (contact inhibition)
- Anchorage independence
- Unlimited lifespan
- Evading the immune system
- Production of enzymes, hormones and other substances
- Producing most of their energy in the absence of oxygen
- Angiogenesis

A

Cancer Cells

42
Q

Cancer cells reproduce _______ and shed the characteristics of _______________, meaning they no longer exhibit signs of original tissue type.

A

Rapidly
Differentiation

43
Q

Cancer cells become capable of _______ their tissue of origin and demonstrate __________ behaviour towards other cells.

A

Leaving
Aggressive

44
Q

Cancer produces large populations of ________________ clonal or ______ cells with increasing numbers of anaplastic cells.

A

Undifferentiated Clonal
Pirate Cells

45
Q

The body’s response to regularly occurring __________ cells includes:
- Local immune cell-mediated mechanisms control or kill abnormal cells
- Specialized T-cells located in humeral system (blood and lymph)

A

Anaplastic Cells

46
Q

T/F - Massage therapy can cause metastasis.

A

False - Massage therapy CANNOT cause metastasis.

47
Q

From 1920-1930, the __________ theory of metastasis focused on the __________ stimulation of blood flow. It was discovered that the actual surgery spread the dye, not the massage.

A

Mechanical

48
Q

The 4 stages of __________ are:
1) Genetic Mutation
2) Cells shedding from primary tumour
3) Cells leave primary tumour and move into bloodstream or lymph channels
4) Implantation of shed cancer cells at secondary site

A

Metastasis

49
Q

_______ mutation is a very complex process even in highly anaplastic tissue. Only a small number of anaplastic cells will be capable of __________.

A

Genetic Mutation
Metastasis

50
Q

T/F - Massage therapy cannot promote genetic mutation.

A

True

51
Q

Cancer cells evolve and eventually lose all connection to their tissue of origin and are no longer part of the __________ unit. __________ occurs at a certain age, size or stage of cancer and is different for each cancer type.

A

Functional Unit
Metastasis

52
Q

T/F - Massage therapy does not promote cell shedding.

A

False - Massage therapy CAN promote cell shedding because cells can be accidentally mechanically shaken loose.

53
Q

T/F - Massage therapy can cause shedding of cells before the cells are ready.

A

False - Massage therapy CANNOT cause shedding of cells before the cells are ready.

54
Q

A contraindication is direct manipulation of an ___________ lump or tumour.

A

Undiagnosed

55
Q

T/F - Even if massage therapy can promote cancer cells shedding from the primary tumour, this will not increase the likelihood of metastasis.

A

True

56
Q

Once shed from a primary tumour, cancer cells are no longer in their tissue of origin and are less likely to _______ once separated.

A

Survive

57
Q

Once cancer cells separate from the primary tumour, the ______ system is significantly increased and T-killer cells in the blood stream and _____ channels are activated.

A

Immune System
Lymph Channels

58
Q

In the 1978 ______ study, a tumour was radio-labelled to track how far broken off cells got after 3 days. Shed cancer cells were killed in enormous quantities and less than 0.05% survived.

A

Fidler Study

59
Q

T/F - Promoting circulation and drainage can promote metastasis.

A

False - Promoting circulation and drainage DOES NOT promote metastasis because it actually increases immune system function and thus enables more cancer cells to be killed.

60
Q

T/F - A primary tumour that sheds cells does not always lead to successful metastasis.

A

True

61
Q

Massage cannot promote shed cancer cells reaching a tissue location by mechanically moving cells towards _________ beds.

A

Capillary Beds

62
Q

Specific cancer types prefer specific environments, meaning that a tissue/organ needs to have the necessary factors required by a secondary tumour to grow or it needs to have a vulnerability to that type of cancer.

A

Tissue Affinity

63
Q

Some cancers do not have the _______ needed to destroy some tissue beds and/or basement membranes. Some organs do not have the the right ______ factors for some cancers.

A

Enzymes
Growth Factors

64
Q

T/F - There is a relationship between the architecture of the vasculature system and cancer metastasis.

A

False - There is NO relationship between the architecture of the vasculature system and cancer metastasis.

65
Q

T/F - Massage therapists can treat a client with a recent diagnosis of cancer or has had cancer surgery.

A

True

66
Q

T/F - Massage therapists cannot treat patients who have severely compromised immune systems or are considered palliative.

A

False - Massage therapists CAN treat patients who have severely compromised immune systems or are considered palliative.

67
Q

Cancer growth is not a result of the relationship between _________ channels and the cancer cells, but a fight between the patient’s ______ system capability and the cancer cells.

A

Transport Channels
Immune System

T3 SYSTEMS (27 decks)

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