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T3 SYSTEMS > CNS Class 3 - Brain Centres & Sensory Impairments > Flashcards

CNS Class 3 - Brain Centres & Sensory Impairments Flashcards

1
Q

A centrally located area inside the brain that is essential to sensory system function and readily interacts with numerous brain centres.

A

Thalamus

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2
Q

The ________ sits in direct proximity to the hypothalamus, hippocampus and amygdala. It has areas that are “_______” with partner areas in the sensory cortex.

A

Thalamus
“Matched”

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3
Q

The thalamus is commonly referred to as the “_______” to the cortex, as it functions as a relay station for afferent data arriving at the brain and needing to be moved correctly forward for processing.

A

“Gateway”

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4
Q

The ________ is the final convergence area, as it “gates” data before sending it along _____ order neurons to brain processing centres.

A

Thalamus
Third

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5
Q

T/F - The sensory cortex suppresses transmission that doesn’t have sufficient relevance or importance to move forward.

A

False - The THALAMUS suppresses transmission that doesn’t have sufficient relevance or importance to move forward.

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6
Q

A mode of thalamic neurons that is used to alert brain centres they are about to receive significant new info.

A

Burst Mode

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7
Q

A mode of thalamic neurons that is used to transmit the info to the centre.

A

Tonic Mode

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8
Q

T/F - Thalamic neurons can intensify and increase the duration of signals it deems “high importance.”

A

True

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9
Q

The ________ selects data transmission routes (brain centres to send it to) based on interpretation of the nature of its content and its significance.

A

Thalamus

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10
Q

The ________ connects to the following processes, and helps prioritize what needs to be reacted to:
- “Alarm” activation
- Emotional content
- Memory recall
- Executive function

A

Thalamus

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11
Q

The thalamus acts as a _____ centre inside the brain. Information travels among brain centres as they “________” to process and respond to information, with the thalamus often acting as a “hub.”

A

Relay
“Dialogue”

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12
Q

T/F - The sensory cortex is the location where first, rudimentary sensations of a stimulus or event occur.

A

False - The THALAMUS is the location where first, rudimentary sensations of a stimulus or event occur.

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13
Q

Which brain centre plays a role in central modulation?

A

Thalamus

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14
Q

What are the 2 areas of the sensory cortex?

A

1) Primary Cortex (S1)
2) Secondary Cortex (S2)

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15
Q

Data specific to body tissue stimuli occurrences are sent from the thalamus to the _______ ______ for re-construction of the characteristics of the event, analysis of the specifics and assignment of sensory experience/__________.

A

Sensory Cortex
Perception

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16
Q

An area of the sensory cortex that is organized somatotopically, meaning according to body part mapping.

A

Primary Cortex (S1)

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17
Q

Mapping begins with the supply tissue responsibilities of ___-______ peripheral nerves, then the spinal cord dermatomes and ___________.

A

Pre-Plexus
Scleratomes

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18
Q

Refers to all incoming data related to an occurrence in a body part arriving and coalescing in the S1 area for that body part. The size of these areas does not reflect the body part’s actual size, but rather the extent and complexity of afferentation from that part.

A

Homunculus Organization

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19
Q

An area of the sensory cortex that broadly interprets detailed modality and location data from S1, creating a more integrated picture of what occured.

A

Secondary Cortex (S2)

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20
Q

T/F - The primary cortex (S1) plays a role in sensory memory, body sense and body image.

A

False - The SECONDARY CORTEX (S2) plays a role in sensory memory, body sense and body image.

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21
Q

___________ of multiple neurons on a much smaller number of second order neurons can cause interpretation confusion in the brain when the signals come from different locations.

A

Convergence

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22
Q

T/F - An example of convergence is uncertainty of which tooth is the origin of sensitivity or pain.

A

True

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23
Q

________ pain is the classic example of the convergence problem. Sensory appreciation centres become familiar with types and locations of sensation, which is based on _________ of stimulation as well as ______ of signals recieved.

A

Referred Pain
Frequency
Volume

24
Q

The brain doesn’t usually have a strong history of hearing from and interpreting sensory data from the _____. When present, it enters the spinal cord at the same levels as afferent signals from the ________/chest/arm, and converges on the same next-order neuron pathways.

A

Heart
Shoulder

25
Q

T/F - Signals from the heart are easily misinterpreted as coming from the surrounding tissues in a referral pattern.

A

True

26
Q

T/F - As a heart attack proceeds and the afferentation intensifies as other tissues add to it, it is unlikely for the brain to perceive the origin more clearly.

A

False - As a heart attack proceeds and the afferentation intensifies as other tissues add to it, it is LIKELY for the brain to perceive the origin more clearly.

27
Q

________ sensation is typically from deeper structures like _______ or muscles to the skin/body surface.

A

Referred
Viscera

28
Q

T/F - Deeper structures are thoroughly served by first order neuron receptors and are more likely to generate day-to-day sensation.

A

False - Deeper structures are LESS thoroughly served by first order neuron receptors and are LESS likely to generate day-to-day sensation.

29
Q

T/F - The brain is inclined to interpret converged signals as coming from the body surface tissues.

A

True

30
Q

Sometimes the more diffuse nature of ___________ sensation merges with convergence issues to generate referral patterns that can be confusing to the practitioner who is more focused on visceral referral or _______ points.

A

Scleratomal
Trigger Points

31
Q

T/F - The chronicle of sensations experienced by each individual influences how the brain interprets incoming afferentation.

A

True

32
Q

Someone who has a _______ of heart dysfunction, including multiple heart surgeries, but no shoulder or arm issues could very well _________ signals from the shoulder tissues as coming from the heart and assign a ____ pattern accordingly.

A

History
Interpret
Pain

33
Q

It is common for people to have ________________ in previously traumatized tissues or, alternatively, to be very ____________ to part or all of their body in a dissociative manner.

A

Hypersensitivity
Desensitized

34
Q

A transmission pattern that can cause interpretation confusion in the brain that arises when neurons that normally carry afferent signals from a tissue location are activated, but not at the receptors in the tissues.

A

Proximal Depolarization

35
Q

Neurons can be depolarized by chemical, electrical and mechanical means anywhere along their ___________.

A

Neurilemmas

36
Q

In ________ ______ syndrome, shoulder or neck level muscle compression mechanically activate signals in neurons whose role it is to convey information from the ____ to the CNS.

A

Thoracic Outlet
Hand

37
Q

T/F - Elbow symptoms are assigned with TOS because the signals enter the brain appreciation areas in the usual way for elbow interpretation.

A

False - HAND symptoms are assigned with TOS because the signals enter the brain appreciation areas in the usual way for HAND interpretation.

38
Q

______/_______ tunnel syndrome are good examples of proximal depolarization problems. The nerve is compressed in a tight passageway and numbness, ___________ and pain are experienced in the hand tissues in the supply pattern for the affected nerve.

A

Carpal/Cubital
Paraethesia

39
Q

Proximal ______________ also occurs in the spine, where herniated discs, bone spurs, subluxation and inflammation can create ___________/irritation of spinal nerves, usually in the intervertebral foramen.

A

Depolarization
Impingement

40
Q

T/F - Radicular symptoms in the supply tissue for the affected spinal nerve(s), typically corresponds with the myotome.

A

False - Radicular symptoms in the supply tissue for the affected spinal nerve(s), typically corresponds with the DERMATOME.

41
Q

A commonly occurring sensation that is experienced in a body part that is no longer present.

A

Phantom Limb Sensation

42
Q

T/F - Phantom phenomena only applies to limbs.

A

False - Phantom phenomena DOESN’T APPLY only to limbs.

43
Q

T/F - Phantom phenomena can be present following mastectomies.

A

True

44
Q

Phantom phenomena as a form of ________ ______________ can be described as:
- Severed peripheral nerves now have endings in stump tissue
- Proximal nerve segments still able to transmit to second order neurons
- Contact with stump, ischemia, tissue irritation and neuroma can depolarize neurons
- When transmission reaches brain, it’s interpreted as coming from those tissues

A

Proximal Depolarization

45
Q

Phantom phenomena as a _____-_________ __________ can be described as:
- Brain continues to receive information that appears to be coming from missing tissues
- Stimulates homunculus zones and sustains a type of recognition
- Sense of “energy field” for missing part (e.g. person feels aware of someone moving through it)
- People dream vividly about missing part as though still there, or pose puzzles/problematics about where missing part is/what it’s doing

A

Brain-Generated Phenomenon

46
Q

Adaptations do start to occur in the _______ cortex zone for the missing part, so the sense of its existence can shift. Interpretation of ________ signals from the stump can change.

A

Sensory
Afferent

47
Q

Involves the perception that the amputated part is moving closer to the stump. This may reflect a type of problem-solving by the brain.

A

Telescoping

48
Q

T/F - People born without body parts do not have the same developed sense of their existence, therefore they cannot have phantom sensation.

A

False - People born without body parts do not have the same developed sense of their existence, BUT MAY STILL have phantom sensation.

49
Q

For majority of amputees, disturbing or painful phantom sensations become _______ and entrenched. Traditional medical approaches only achieve ______ for a small percentage

A

Chronic
Relief

50
Q

There has been some success in using ______ therapy and augmented reality to treat phantom limb pain (PLP).

A

Mirror

51
Q

What type of therapy is being described below?
“Patient sits with a mirror facing the remaining arm/leg, moves the remaining limb and watches the reflection in the mirror. It appears that both the unaffected and the amputated limb are moving.”

A

Mirror Therapy

52
Q

T/F - Mirror therapy gives the brain an image of two normal and healthy limbs, which counteracts the impression that there is something wrong with the amputated limb.

A

True

53
Q

T/F - It is not clear why mirror therapy and augmented reality work for treating phantom limb pain.

A

True

54
Q

While sensation can be influenced/modulated by input from the body, the brain’s processes can act ___________ of it and phantom limb pain is an example of how that the brain “_____” and how its internal circuitry works can defy what we expect would happen.

A

Independent
“Knows”

55
Q

Stump _____________ along with other unconscious/subconscious CNS processes frequently lead to reactions to move the missing limb. When this does not occur, the brain reacts to the problem by assigning ____________ sensations.

A

Afferentation
Pathological

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