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USMLE Neurology > CNS cells, sensory receptors, Nts, vomiting > Flashcards

CNS cells, sensory receptors, Nts, vomiting Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What does Nissl staining stain?

A

RER

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2
Q

Where is the RER not present (what will not be stained on Nissl staining)?

A

Axons

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3
Q

What is the astrocyte marker?

A

GFAP

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4
Q

What is the most common glial cell type in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

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5
Q

What are the functions of the astrocyte?

A
  • Physical support
  • Repair
  • Removal of excess NTs
  • Component of BBB
  • Glycogen fuel reserve buffer
  • Reactive gliosis in response to neural injury
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6
Q

What are astrocytes derived from?

A

Neuroectoderm

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7
Q

What is the function of microglial cells?

A
  • Phagocytic scavenger cells of the CNS
  • Activate in response to tissue damage and release inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, glutamate)
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8
Q

What are microglial cells derived from?

A

Mesoderm

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9
Q

What cells fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in the CNS in HIV-associated dementia?

A

Microglia

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10
Q

What kind of cells are ependymal cells?

A

Ciliated simple columnar glial cells

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11
Q

What the ependymal cells line?

A

Ventricles and central canal of spinal cord

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12
Q

What are ependymal cells derived from?

A

Neuroectoderm

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13
Q

What structure produces CSF?

A

Chroroid plexus

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14
Q

What is the predominant type of glial cell in white matter?

A

Oligodendrocyte

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15
Q

What structure covers the individual myelinated nerve fibres?

A

Endoneurium

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16
Q

What does the perineurium cover?

A

A fasicle of nerve fibres

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17
Q

What does the epineurium cover?

A

Entire nerve (fasicles and blood vessels)

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18
Q

What are Nissl bodies?

A

Collections of RER

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19
Q

What cranial nerves have their myelin synthesised by oligodendrocytes and what CNs have it doen by Schwann cells?

A
  • Oligodendrocytes: CNI and II
  • Schwann cells: CN III - XII
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20
Q

What is the Schwann cell marker?

A

S-100

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21
Q

C fibres are myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

They are unmyelinated and therefore slow

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22
Q

Free nerve endings sense what?

A

Pain and temperature

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23
Q

Where can free nerve endings not be found?

A
  • Cartilage
  • Eye lenses
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24
Q

What receptors are large, myelinated and adapt quickly?

A
  • Meissner corpuscles
  • Pacinian corpuscles
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25
Q

Where are Meissner corpuscles located?

A

Glabrous (hairless) skin

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26
Q

What receptors are large, myelinated and adapt slowly?

A
  • Merkel discs
  • Ruffini corpuscles (intertwined among collagen fiber bundles)
27
Q

What do Meissner corpuscles sense?

A
  • Fine/light touch
  • Skin indentation
  • Position sense
  • Low frequency vibration
28
Q

What do Pacinian corpuscles sense?

A
  • Pressure
  • High frequency vibration
29
Q

What do Merkel discs sense?

A
  • Pressure
  • Deep static touch (e.g. shapes, edges)
30
Q

What do Ruffini corpuscles sense?

A
  • Stretch
  • Joint angle change
31
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscles found?

A
  • Deep skin layers
  • Ligaments
  • Joints
32
Q

Where are Merkel discs found?

A
  • Finger tips
  • Superficial skin
33
Q

Where are Ruffini corpuscles found?

A
  • Finger tips
  • Joints
34
Q

What is chromatolysis due to (what is it in reaction to)?

A

Response of neuronal cell body to axonal injury

35
Q

What are arachnoid and pia mater derived from?

A

Neural crest

36
Q

What is the dura mater derived from?

A

Mesoderm

37
Q

Where is the CSF located?

A

Subarachnoid space (between pia and arachnoid mater)

38
Q

What substances are able to cross the BBB rapidly?

A

Nonpolar/lipid-soluble substances

39
Q

What are the 4 structures which form the BBB?

A
  • Tight junctions between nonfenestrated cpaillary endothelial cells
  • BM
  • Astrocyte foot processes
  • Pericytes
40
Q

What is chromatolysis characterised by?

A
  • Round cellular swelling
  • Displacement of the nucleus to the periphery
  • Dispersion of Nissl substances (RER) throughout cytoplasm
41
Q

What is Wallerian degeneration?

A

Disintigration of the axon and myelin sheath distal to the site of axonal injury with macrophages removing debris

42
Q

When the axon is damaged what happens to the axon proximally?

A

The axon retracts and the cell body spouts new protrosions that grow toward other neurons for potential reinnervation
- Serves as a preperation for axonal regeneration and functional recovery

43
Q

What NTs are downregulated and upregulated in anxiety?

A
  • NE upregulated
  • GABA and serotonin downregulated
44
Q

What NTs are downregulated in depression?

A
  • NE
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine
45
Q

What NT is upregulated in schizophrenia?

A

Dopamine

46
Q

What NT is downregulated in Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Ach

47
Q

What Nts are downregulated and uregulated in Huntingtons?

A
  • Dopamine upregulated
  • GABA and Ach downregulated
48
Q

What Nts are downregulated and uregulated in Parkinsons?

A
  • Ach upregulated
  • Serotonin and Dopamine downregulated
49
Q

What organs allow molecules in blood to affect brain function?

A

Circumventricular organs with fenestrated capillaries - they lack a BBB

50
Q

Where are the circumventricular organs located?

A
  • Around the third and fourth ventricles
51
Q

How can hyperosmolar agents (e.g. mannitol) affect the BBB?

A

Disrupt it allowing for increased permeability of medications

52
Q

How can neoplasms and infarctation cause vasogenic oedema?

A

Destroys endothelial tight junctions

53
Q

What are some of the key Circumventriculat organs (CVOs)

A
  • Area postrema (CTZ)
  • OVLT (organum vasculosum lamina terminalis)
  • Subfornical organ (SFO)
  • Median Eminence of Hypothalamus
54
Q

Where is the CTZ located?

A

The area postrema which is at the caudal end of the 4th ventricle

55
Q

What area do chemo agents affect?

A

CTZ (in area postrema)
- Sends signals to vomiting centre in medulla

56
Q

What area of the brain senses osmolarity of the blood?

A
57
Q

What area of the brain senses osmolarity of the blood?

A

OVLT (organum vasculosum lamina terminalis)
- Anterior wall of 3rd ventricle

58
Q

What structure releases hormones into vascular system to regulate the pituitary?

A

Median eminence of hypothalamus

59
Q

What nucleus in the medulla is the vomiting centre coordinated by?

A

Nucleus tractus solitarius (receives info from CTZ, CNX, vestibular system, CNS)

60
Q

The CTZ and adjacent vomiting centre nuclei receive input from what 5 major receptors?

A
  • Muscarinic (M1)
  • Dopamine (D2)
  • Histamine (H1)
  • Serotonin (5-HT3)
  • Neurokinin (NK-1)
61
Q

Anatgonists to what receptors are used to treat chemotherapy-induced vomiting?

A
  • 5-HT3 - ondanestron
  • D2
  • NK-1 - aprepitant
62
Q

Anatgonists to what receptors are used to treat motion sickness-induced vomiting?

A
  • H1
  • M1
63
Q

Anatgonists to what receptors are used to treat hyperemesis gravidum (vomiting in pregnancy)?

A
  • H1 antagonist

USMLE Neurology (19 decks)

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